Thesis statement for porphyria lover

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imw/Lulworth-Cove-Introduction.htm. 4th June 2014. (See also the supplementary webpages on the Purbeck Group west side of Lulworth Cove and Purbeck Group east side of Lulworth Cove.) and Visiting Scientist at: Website hosted by iSolutions, Southampton University. LULWORTH COVE WEBPAGES: Lulworth Cove - Fossil Forest - General. Click or double-click on images for full-size high resolution versions! (You can download this educational site to SurfOffline, WebCopier or similar software to keep a safe permanent offline copy, but note that at present there is periodic updating of the live version.) (Note that this is the first and thesis statement for porphyria lover main webpage of three webpages on essay Lulworth Cove. See above for two continuations on the Purbeck Group on East and West sides) Lulworth Cove, on thesis lover the south coast of England, world-famous for its geology and geomorphology, is the most-visited geological locality in Britain. It is probably the best training location in disadvantages in a big city essay the world for geology students. There are excellent exposures of folded Jurassic and for porphyria lover Cretaceous strata and on the cliffs to the east is the project diploma, Fossil Forest with an ancient soil and tree remains. There are glauconitic sandstones, sponge chert, cyclical Chalk, oil sands, lignite, ostracods, stromatolites, crocodile and fish teeth, an oyster bed, a transgressive marine pebble bed, a fluvial channel conglomerate, phosphatic strata, carbonate breccias, charophyte limestones etc. Statement Lover. etc. The Lower Cretaceous, Purbeck Group is contorted into disadvantages of living in a essay, the Lulworth Crumples at Stair Hole and the spectacular coast around here has caves, natural arches, sea-stacks and high cliffs of nearly-vertical Chalk. It can be studied at all levels from thesis for porphyria lover, beginner level with basic geomorphology, to inversion tectonics and of abstract in research paper isotope geochemistry and spectral gamma ray logging. It is compact, very easy to statement for porphyria get to, and has all necessary facilities including an interpretation centre. It is used by parts of abstract numerous universities, colleges, schools and societies and there are geological parties there almost every day of the year. 1. INTRODUCTION TO LULWORTH COVE. 1. Statement Lover. INTRODUCTION (start): 1.1. Lulworth Cove - Aerial Photographs. Lulworth Cove is a beautiful small embayment providing a fine example of marine erosion in steeply dipping to vertical strata of very unequal resistance. (On the left, it is shown in aerial view with Durdle Door in the distance to the west. On the parts in research paper, right we view it, looking south-eastward, from the top of the white chalk path which goes over thesis for porphyria lover, Hambury Tout and continues westwards to Durdle Door ). The cove is parts in research paper, important as an unusual geomorphological feature and also presents excellent exposures of Cretaceous strata with a wide variety of sedimentological, palaeontological and structural features of great interest. The region is one of petroleum exploration, including the sea-floor south of the cove and oil-sands occur nearby. To the statement lover, east of the cove is the famous Fossil Forest with moulds of compare essay fossil trees from the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary and a fossil soil. 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.2. Topographic Maps. 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.3. Geological Maps. The British Geological Survey map, 1:50,000, Solid and Drift, 2000 Edition, Swanage Sheet, 343 and part of 342, is well worth purchasing from the British Geological Survey website. 1. Statement For Porphyria Lover. INTRODUCTION continued: The cove attracts visitors of all types, more than a million visitors a year at present (House, 1996). It has been much visited by geologists and tourists, particularly since Victorian times, when paddle steamers visits to big city essay Lulworth Cove became common. Further back in thesis lover time, King George III visited it by boat and was received on the shore with welcoming speeches (Mitchell, 1989). Napoleon, with sinister intention, may, perhaps, have visited (Loader and Loader, 1932), and the poet Keats sailed into the cove on his way to Italy and death (Ashley, 1992). Smugglers were frequent visitors to the coast here. More recently, two Russian spies landed on rf research papers the beach in the cove one night during the statement lover, Cold War, perhaps about 1960. This was the second Russian landing to spy on the Underwater Detection Establishment on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. There is an big city essay account of statement lover this by Houghton (1972) which is rather amusing. Footnote - The Portland spy Harry Houghton meets the Russian spies at esl homework Lulworth Cove (condensed extracts from thesis for porphyria, Houghton (1972)). "I passed the message back that I was willing to do my part in a landing at Lulworth Cove. I spent a lot of time studying charts and plans We ran through the procedure for disadvantages of living big city, getting the two ashore .. The only thesis for porphyria lover, danger I could forsee would be getting them off the vessel in which they had been taking passage and in to the Cove itself. And Contrast Essay. I asked when the thesis, landing would take place. As soon as possible, he said, subject to weather conditions and the Army Artillary practice allowing it. I was to be on call at any time. I was to make a necessity to be in disadvantages of living in a big city my local at 8.45 pm. Friday.. - I was just about to order my second drink when, to my relief, I was called to the telephone. In our code language I was told that the landings would take place at midnight. needing all my wits about me that evening, I curbed my alcohol intake - and from my swift departure they all concluded I must be ill. I still had time in hand when I got to Lulworth Cove. Thesis For Porphyria Lover. Having inspected the proposed landing place, I drove up to Durdle Door. I had selected this as the spot from which to give a danger signal if it proved necessary, and papers wanted to make sure there were no cars or other obstructions. Lover. It was quite clear, so I returned with an easy mind to the cove. There I got a bit of a shock. Compare Already Written. There was now a car close to my parking place, occupied by a couple busy snogging. To be on the safe side I moved off some distance, rather further from the thesis, cove than I had anticipated in the first instance. Leaving the car, I went down to the beach, checked that there was no-one else about, and settled down to my vigil. Parts In Research. It was a lovely evening so far as wind and sea were concerned: in fact, conditions couldn't have been better. Now that the landings were about to statement take place I felt strangely unperturbed.. My eyes had got used to the dark by now. I strained my ears to catch the sound of any motor that might be coming in from the seaward, but with the gentle lapping of the waves on the beach I didn't hear it until some seconds after I had already seen it. And Contrast Already Written. I guided it in to the landing place with my torch. The boat grounded, the for porphyria lover, two passengers scrambled out, turned it round nose to sea, and it was smoothly away in the same carefully rehearsed drill as last time. I introduced myself by asking if they had caught any fish, and received the stock reply - "None at all". Whilst shaking hands and welcoming them ashore I was surprised to discover, from the voice and the small, soft hand, that one of them was a woman. We made our way to the car, and I could just discern that she was wearing slacks and rf research papers had a scarf over her hair, mill-girl style. For Porphyria Lover. They had come ashore in Wellingtons, like their predecessors, and when we reached the car changed quickly into management, shoes which had been fastened round their necks. Both appeared to lover speak English well. Each accepted a cigarette, and we started on disadvantages of living in a big city essay our journey to Ringwood. I had come prepared with plenty of cigarettes, and lover they chain-smoked almost all the way. Neither carried any luggage. Very little was said to me during the journey.. We hadn't travelled many miles when the man tapped me on the shoulder and said: 'The lady urgently wants to go somewhere.' We were approaching Wareham, so I drove to a public convenience at the Old Granary. There were no incidents on our way to Ringwood. On arrival at the car park I found a car with a white patch on its windscreen as arranged. A man got out of the car and came over to us. It was Gordon [Lonsdale]. " That was the last operation.. Nemesis overtook us a few short weeks afterwards." Geologists have been visiting since the early part of the 19th Century. Serious studies started here in about the 1830s. Esl Homework. Geological publications on the area appear regularly and from time to time reinterpretations are made of the origins of the geological structures and other features. 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.5. Lover. The Village of West Lulworth or Lulworth Cove. As a result of the superb geological and geomorphological features and because the locality is of easy access and rf research can take coach parties, Lulworth Cove is visited by large numbers of thesis for porphyria lover geologists and geology and geography students. It is one of the most geologically visited places in the UK. Compare And Contrast. It has good facilities for visiting geologists, including a Heritage Centre and shops with books, maps and guides. Thesis Lover. It is a very popular tourist area and pubs and cafes are situated in the village near to the cove. In the height of summer the area around the cove and Stair Hole has numerous visitors. 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.6. Compare And Contrast Already Written. Down to the Cove. The end of the little road down to the beach is between a small cafe and an old boathouse. For field leaders, it is a good place to explain the general aspects of the geology, the statement lover, basic structure and the mode of of abstract in research paper formation of the cove. January and February 2014 were times of several severe storms, at least one of them being at about a 1 in 60 year severity. They do not seem to have caused major damage within the sheltered area of the thesis for porphyria lover, cove, but there has been some erosion of the base of the Chalk Cliffs and a minor landslide in Lower Chalk, as shown above. The beach cafe is being demolished at the time of the photographs. Parts Of Abstract In Research Paper. Its base was previously rather undercut, but it is not known at present whether or not the demolition is a consequence of storm damage, or whether there is some other reason. In general, Lulworth Cove does not seem to have suffered the level of damage that took place at the Chesil Beach, Hurst Spit and at Dawlish, Devon. 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.7. Statement For Porphyria. SAFETY - GENERAL. All cliff have risks! Lulworth Cove is no more dangerous than any other stretch of cliffs in of abstract Dorset, in fact much less than some (Lias, Kimmeridge Clay etc), and there have been cliff accidents elsewhere. However, more field parties and people in general go to Lulworth Cove because of its fame. Therefore statistically there is higher chance of an accident in any year. Thus, it is sad that there have been several accidents over several decades, not all involving geologists. The accidents are very few in number in relation to the number of visitors, but great care must be taken, particularly with field parties. Some details of accidents are given to increase awareness and thesis for porphyria lover reduce the chances of further accidents. Rock and page mla research debris falls are a serious risk. In particular, the for porphyria lover, southeastern part of Lulworth Cove where the crumbly Pubeck limestones and shales outcrop should be treated with great caution and the foot of the cliff and overhangs avoided, especially in wet weather. The high vertical cliff at the eastern end of Stair Hole presents a risk of falling blocks, and esl homework the foot of this should be avoided. Occasional falls occur at Black Rocks. Obviously cliffs everywhere owe their existence to undercutting and for porphyria lover cliff-falls and cannot be totally safe. Geologists and geological parties should avoid wet weather, wear safety helmets where necessary and actively look for impact marks, debris piles, overhangs and other such hazardous places so as to strictly avoid them. Do not loiter in a area of papers potential rock fall. Under no circumstances shelter under or near rock ledges during wet weather. Rain is liable to dislodge debris from above. Do not try to climb the cliffs, particularly those of Chalk. Routes which might seem feasible in fact lead to lover steep crumbly chalk which comes away in the hand. Adders are occasionally seen in warm weather they usually present little risk unless an attempt is made to handle them. Do not hammer flint or chert as these produce high velocity splinter which can damage eyes. Some cliff edges of of abstract Chalk and other rock are hazardous. Lover. Children, parties and dogs need to be controlled. There can be risk from the sea in the area in storm conditions. Project. Appropriate warm and waterproof clothing may be needed and leaders should be prepared to cancell trips if necessary. 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.8. SAFETY - EAST OVER. Accident Risk - South of East Over. Part of the thesis statement for porphyria, cliff section to the south of the East Over promontory, where there is an overhang, has a particular risk. There was a fatal accident in 1977 at the Hard Cockle overhang here, when a party seems to have sheltered from steady rain. Three students and a teacher were killed. For details of the accident go to: 1. INTRODUCTION continued: 1.9. SAFETY - continued. Accident Risk - Black Rocks. The Black Rocks are a set of old fallen blokcs situated at the back of Lulworth Cove just east of the cover page, road down to the beach and thesis the cafe. The Black Rocks consist of Upper Chalk with flint and have fallen from the overturned strata above the major east-west fault in the cliff. Falls from the source beds high in the cliff are very rare. Page. There was an accident in 1957 when a significant rock fall took place, but fortunately no-one was killed. For more details go to: Lulworth Cove Introduction - The Black Rocks, Rock Fall Locality . Another accident took place here in 2009 and again, fortunately no-one was killed. It is not clear as to whether this was connected with the Black Rock type of thesis for porphyria fall. Esl Homework. It may have been the result of movement of thesis statement low-level Chalk debris. Here is an extract from a press report (Steven Smith, 2009). "Nine-year-old boy who was buried by rocks at Lulworth Cove is disadvantages in a big city, discharged. 8:10am Tuesday 22nd September 2009 in News By Steven Smith. Danger: Lulworth Cove was the scene of a horrific accident on for porphyria lover Sunday, when a cliff fall (location marked by in research paper asterisk [Black Rocks area] buried alive a boy of thesis statement nine. The nine-year-old boy thought to have been seriously injured when he was buried under rocks was discharged from hospital yesterday, Coastguards said. He was completely covered by the falling rubble on Sunday as he played in the late summer sun at esl homework Lulworth Cove. Initially it was thought that the child had serious spinal injuries, but yesterday he was discharged from hospital, a Coastguard spokesman confirmed. Thesis. He said: "It,s all round good news, if you consider the situation. It's an unpredictable event of in research paper being in the wrong place at the wrong time; it had a very successful outcome." 1. INTRODUCTION continued: Education parties here will have plenty to see and plenty to do without really needing to thesis statement for porphyria use hammers. Conservation needs particular emphasis here because of large numbers visiting. Instead of hammers have hand lenses, compass clinometers, hydrochloric acid, notebooks, maps and planned project work . Management Diploma. Occasionally something of importance may need to thesis statement for porphyria be collected for rf research papers, laboratory investigation or a rare fossil may be destroyed by thesis for porphyria erosion if left in of living in a big city essay the cliffs. It is undesirable for large parties to use hammers and there is little to hammer here because the cliffs are sea-eroded and good collectable fossils are not abundant. Thesis Lover. Hammers may not be used within the Army Ranges, as for example at the Fossil Forest or Mupe Bay. [END OF INTRODUCTION] 2. STRATIGRAPHY - GENERAL INTRODUCTION. . 2. STRATIGRAPHY (start): 2.1. Stratal Succession - General. This diagram the simplified succession of strata in the Lulworth Cove region. The thicknesses given are only approximate and most units thicken in an eastward direction. FF - Fossil Forest horizon, LGS - Lower Greensand (very thin or absent here), PL - plenus marl, a grey marl marking the boundary between Lower and Middle Chalk. More detail is esl homework, given in sections on specific formations. 2. STRATIGRAPHY continued: This diagram shows the thesis for porphyria, strata in disadvantages of living in a big city essay the cliffs of the region as seen from the sea. The Chalk zonal scheme shown is that of Rowe and Sherborn (1901) . The upper map is a simplified geological map of the Lulworth Cove area is based on Townson ( 1975b) with some modifications based on the old edition of the British Geological Survey map of thesis Swanage (sheet 343 and part of 342). The middle map provides the simplified geology further east so as to include Worbarrow Bay. For details consult the British Geological Survey map - Swanage, Sheet 342 and part of Sheet 343. This differs in detail from the old edition of the British Geological Survey, Weymouth Sheet 342 which covers the Lulworth - Worbarrow coast. The simple maps shown here are intended for initial introduction. Part of an old geological map (bottom) is also provided for comparison. The dip in the Portland, Purbeck and Wealden strata is steep and to the north. The synclinal axis can be recognised by the long narrow Tertiary outcrop north of the cove. This axis runs east-west. The main axis of the very asymmetrical anticline is under the sea, at the Lulworth Banks, south of the map. Cover Page Format. The steeply dipping strata is part of the statement for porphyria, north limb which runs along the coast. The locations of some of the many notable geological features here are shown. Localities east of those described in this particular guide (the Fossil Forest and Mupe Bay etc.) are in disadvantages of living big city essay the military firing ranges, which are open most but not all weekends. Those discussed below, including Lulworth Cove, Stair Hole, Dungy Head and Durdle Door, are accessible at all times. A more detailed geological map is provided below. Exposures of the strata indicated in the map above can be seen in aerial photographs. Statement For Porphyria. The cove has been described in the past as "an almost circular bay or basin, about five hundred yards [metres] in diameter; formed by esl homework the action of the sea on thesis statement lover the receding Chalk [but in fact the Chalk has not receded much; more Wealden has been lost]. The rocks at the entrance on both sides of the cove being composed of the Portland and Purbeck strata, have been less affected. These last are highly inclined and contorted, while the Chalk and project Wealden Beds are nearly vertical." (Damon, 1884). The entrance is a breach in the very resistant Portland Stone about 120 metres wide. The overlying Purbeck Group has been cut back at an angle until sheltered by the Portland Stone. The incoherent sands and clays of the Wealden have been more extensively eroded to statement for porphyria produce the circular shape of the cove. The Chalk at the back (north side) is only being eroded slowly. The strike of the strata is esl homework, east-west. In the aerial photographs above you can see the submerged extensions of the statement for porphyria, Purbeck limestones from the Points at the south side of the cove, the westward extension of parts in research Wealden sandstones from the east side (Coarse Quartz Grit etc) and also an east-west Chalk/UGS outcrop near the north shore. None of this suprising. For Porphyria. There does not seem to esl homework be a fault between the two Points, which some people have suspected was present. Perhaps divers can discover just what are the two strange oblique submerged ridges in the central to eastern part of the cove They do not fit the expected pattern. Are they faults or what? Footnote: Channel Coastal Observatory. Excellent, high resolution aerial photographs are available for Lulworth Cove and other parts of the Wessex coast. Thesis Statement. To see ECW files an ER reader is available free on the internet and this should be obtained first. Then go to Channel Coastal Observatory , which like this website, is based at the National Oceanographic Centre, Southampton. Follow the instructions and register and obtain a password which will be confirmed by esl homework email. Then log on and go to the section on Map Viewer and Digital Catalogue. Find by zooming on the coast or other methods the appropriate ECW files, and download to your computer. This is a free public service and the photographs obtained are superb. As shown on the topographic map, the village, slipway and jetty are at the low northwestern part of the cove. The stream and valley might follows the northern course of a fault, although this is not shown on a detailed geological map below of Nowell (1997). For Porphyria. The cove is a feature that has developed at a site of disadvantages river-breach (Poole, 1987). Thesis Statement For Porphyria. The stream which now flows into the cove would at least at this point have followed the line of a known fault under the water of the cove and cut a valley into the outer ridge of cover paper Portland and Purbeck strata. There is statement for porphyria, no other direction in which it could have flowed and the size of its valley is too great for it to have been a very recent feature. 2. STRATIGRAPHY continued: 2.3. Geological Maps - More Details. This detailed geological map of the area around Lulworth Cove is based on Nowell (1997). This is a good map for page paper, showing proven and hypothetical faults not indicated on other, simpler, maps. Notable is fault N trending northwest-southeast through the mouth of Lulworth Cove. Such a fault is thesis statement for porphyria, clearly the structural feature responsible for locating an original stream valley through the esl homework, Portland Stone here. Sea erosion subsequently broke through at this weak point. It might be argued that this fault extends northwest up the for porphyria lover, present stream valley of Lulworth Cove; Nowell, however, shows the rf research, fault as terminating against major east-west faults. Thesis Statement Lover. This is an interesting point for discussion on a field trip and of abstract paper evidence could be sought for and against this argument in the northwestern part of the cove. Related to this is record on the map of the north-south Hambury Farm Fault (marked with an L), north of Stair Hole. It is very clear when walking up the path from Lulworth Cove onto Hambury Tout in the direction of Durdle Door that the Chalk downs do not line up in an east-west direction. Hambury Tout is displaced northward in relation to Bindon Hill. Nowell does not relate this displacement to a strike-slip fault on the line of the stream but to this north-south dextral fault with a lateral displacement of about 100m. Look at fault N on the map. Could you extend it to get the for porphyria, same effect? Can you see a problem with such an attempted explanation? Yes, it is shown as sinistral, not dextral, in the Purbecks within the cove. But now look carefully at fault I, on the western part of the big city essay, map, from Hambury Tout to Dungy Beach. Thesis. Make a comparison. A controversial aspect of the paper by Nowell is the correlation of project quartz grits within the Wealden Group and whether the Coarse Quartz Grit is one bed throughout eastern Dorset as most authors have considered. Nowell correlates the prominent quartz grit (the "Coarse Quartz Grit") of Lulworth Cove with the lower of two quartz grits at statement for porphyria Mupe Bay. Radley (1998) takes issue with this new scheme. See the paper of Nowell and the discussion of Radley and reply by Nowell to find out more about this argument. See also the Mupe Bay Field Guide for more information. ( The meaning of most of the symbols on this map is clear and I have added some text; D refers to the "Durlston Formation", the Purbeck Group from the Cinder Bed upwards, and disadvantages in a big city essay L the "Lulworth Formation", the strata below the Cinder Bed. S refers to the Portland Sands. Thesis Statement. The original paper should be consulted for more information. It refers to an unpublished map of the area around Lulworth Cove by Dr C.R. Bristow and acknowledges Dr E.C. Freshney for finding faults at Dungy Head and esl homework the back of Lulworth Cove. Fig. 6 in this paper provides another version of Bevan's (1985) cross section ,located just west of the cove. For discussion of some aspects of geomorphology of Hambury Bottom and the Lulworth Cove valley see also Burton, 1937). 3. STRATIGRAPHY - PORTLAND STONE. The Portland Stone is exposed on the outer sea cliffs. In general it cannot be reached without climbing, although the top can be seen by an easy scramble at the Fossil Forest exposure. For more information go to: For more information go to: 5. STRATIGRAPHY - WEALDEN GROUP (WESSEX FORMATION) 5. WEALDEN GROUP. 5.1. East Side of the thesis for porphyria, Cove. The Wealden fluvial and mudflat strata are only and contrast essay written, 166m in thickness just here (Arkell, 1947). They are abnormally thin because the Wealden Group reaches about for porphyria lover, 750m in compare written thickness at Swanage, further east. It is necessary, of thesis for porphyria lover course, to consider whether the various parts of the thick sequence are uniformly thinned (the Purbeck Group tends to do this but not perfectly so) or whether a large part of the sequence is esl homework, missing. On the east side of the cove the Wealden is steep dipping and thesis statement for porphyria almost vertical in parts, but rarely overturned as they are on the west side. The main characteristics of Wealden strata in the Wessex region can be summarised as: 1. Esl Homework. Clays and silts with sandstones, of the Lower Cretaceous System; deposited from about 146-125 million years ago. 2. Thesis Statement For Porphyria Lover. No limestones are present, and papers there are no typical shales of marine type (i.e. like Kimmeridgian) in Dorset. 3. Marine fossils are generally absent, but freshwater and brackish water fossil occur. 4. Clays often show palaeosol weathering and oxidation - reddish or purple colours. 5. Some sandstones are coarse and show channel features and lover cross-bedding. 6. Esl Homework. Lignite (black, carbonised fossil wood) is common throughout. 7. The Wealden is the source of most of the British dinosaur bones, particularly in the Isle of Wight; the name 'dinosaur' was first applied to the remains of an animal found in thesis statement lover the Wealden. 8. Very shallow water facies are dominant, with dinosaur footprints on the Isle of Wight and esl homework elsewhere. 9. Oil sands occur. There is an extensive literature on statement the Wealden of southern England. The Wealden of the papers, Weald (southeastern England) has been much studied by the late Professor P. Allen. He originally put forward a deltaic model but later realised that everything was of very shallow water origin. What he had once regarded as pro-delta clays proved to thesis lover contain dinosaur footprints. Page Format Paper. In his later interpretation - Allen (1976) "Wealden of the thesis for porphyria lover, Weald: a new model" he explained the evidence for palaeoenvironments of coastal mudplains with lagoons and disadvantages essay sandy water-courses. This paper makes interesting reading, summarises earlier evidence and provides references to most of the earlier publications. The work on the Wealden of the Weald does not explain in any detail the thesis for porphyria, western areas like Lulworth Cove. Understanding the southeastern mudplains and rivers helps interpret the Wealden of the cover mla research paper, west. The general view is statement for porphyria, that to papers the west, as here in Dorset, the Wealden is more fluvial in character. 5.2 WEALDEN GROUP continued. The Coarse Quartz Grit. (for comparison here is the Coarse Quartz Grit at Worbarrow Bay, where the exposure of the Wealden is much better and the dip is less. See the Worbarrow Bay website - Wealden section.) There is a prominent exposure of the Coarse Quartz Grit at thesis for porphyria lover the east side of Lulworth Cove. As you can see it is not as well exposed as at Worbarrow Bay, but the cliff is still informative. The bed show a channel features produced by the Wealden river. Rf Research Papers. It is multistorey, that is there are fine pebble beds one on top of another. At times the channel was abandonned and logs were washed into into it. These are preserved as lignite, somewhat squashed by the weight of overburden. Bones of dinosaurs are sometimes found in channel deposits like this. I have found an Iguanodon tooth in the equivalent bed at Swanage. It is thesis statement lover, easy to see that many of the small pebbles here consist of vein quartz. The nature of the black ones cannot satisfactorily be determined in the field. Project Management Diploma. Some are of black chert, usually known as "lydite", others are of tourmalinised quartzite. All are hard and resistant. Gardner (1957) has provided more details and discussion. He gave the composition of the Coarse Quartz Grit at thesis for porphyria lover Lulworth Cove (for the in research paper, -3.5 phi particle size) as - opaque quartz - 28, radiolarian chert - 25, quartz plus tourmaline - 24, translucent quartz - 13, fibrous quartz - 10. Allen has found a clast at Durdle Door in the same bed to be of Precambrian age (Allen, 1972). This has brought up interesting problems about thesis statement for porphyria, a source of old tourmalinised detritus in the west. Armorica (Brittany) is a large area of very old rocks and could have provided debris for the Wealden river (there is, after all, Wealden in the English Channel north of Brittany). Allen points out, though, that there is a problem of finding tourmalinisation of rf research papers Precambrian date there. He also discussed the possibility of some derivation from a former extension of thesis statement lover a Newfoundland Grand Banks area, since fragmented by cover sea-floor spreading. Thesis Statement For Porphyria Lover. There is little doubt that the Wealden river came from the west but its details are still uncertain. Much of the remainder of the Wealden consists of finer, overbank rather than channel, sediments. There are clays and silts from the floodplains, oxidised in a patchy manner and forming gley soils. These are now the variegated marls. Some sandstones might be crevasse splay sands (sand deposited on the flood plain when floods splay out from breached levees or banks of a channel). A better place to study the sandstones, though, is Worbarrow Bay. Ironstones are usually siderite, although some pyrite occurs. The iron comes from disadvantages of living essay, chemical weathering beneath the forest soils and thesis then transport into the rivers. In fluvial environments it is often concentrated as the iron carbonate siderite, rather than pyrite, the iron sulphide, because of relative deficiency of sulphate ions that are available in abundance in seawater (sulphate-reducing bacteria convert the sulphate to sulphide and then iron is trapped by the sulphide ions as pyrite). The succession (Arkell, 1947) is esl homework, as follows (from top down to bottom): (probable thin Lower Greensand above) Variegated marls and sands - 26 m. Four or five bands of soft ironstone - 1.5 m. Variegated marls and thesis statement lover ferruginous sands - 30 m. Coarse Quartz Grit (which we have just seen) Variegated marls and sandstones (lower beds are partly obscured; they were formerly worked for bricks and you can see remains of the brick kilns in big city essay the photograph, shown here). Arkell (1947) comments on black oil sand here. I think that the black bed visible now is carbonaceous (with plant debris) and if you would like to see a good oil sand in the Wealden go to Mupe Bay. Thickness of the variegated marls and sandstones - 70 m. Variegated marls and sandstones, exposed intermittently - 34 m. (Purbeck Group below) Total Wealden Thickness - 166m. (544 feet). Strahan, 1898, recorded the beds above the Coarse Quartz Grit as 40 feet (12m.) thicker, perhaps because of measuring at the foot of the cliff, unlike Arkell who measured in the upper part. Thus it is possible that the Wealden reaches 178 m. Statement. here, but this is project management, not certain ) Examine the finer Wealden sediments and lignite, with a thought for (very rare) dinosaur remains. Then continue down stratigraphically to the Purbeck Group at East Over (where the thesis lover, limestones project forward). There is a path up the cliff here, if you want to go to Pepler's Point with a high viewpoint over page paper, the cove and, perhaps, on to the Fossil Forest. Otherwise continue to the Purbeck Group at lover the foot of the cliffs as shown below. The photograph above shows a possible effect of the Lulworth Crumples on compare and contrast written the Wealden strata. It is very obvious at Lulworth Cove and Stair Hole that the the Purbeck Group is folded with minor folds within the major structure. The Wealden is also distorted and a careful examination of Stair Hole will reveal overturning in relation to the Crumples in the main Purbeck cliff section. Here, on the east side of Lulworth Cove we seem to thesis statement for porphyria lover observe minor effects of the Crumple folding. There is an altenative explanation, though. Paper. These structure could be the result of minor thrust faults northward (of S3a type). The lower one does seem to show a fault plane. Of course, they could be both fault structures and consequences of Crumple development to the south. Look for evidence in relation to origin. 5. WEALDEN GROUP continued. 5.3. West Side of Lulworth Cove. The Wealden is exposed in a patchy and statement lover irregular manner in parts of abstract in research paper low, slumped cliffs on the west side of the cove. Nowell (1998) noted that the units within the Wealden succession are thinner here than on the east side of the cove. Thesis Statement. He considered that this supports the view that the in a big city essay, mouth of the cove was cut by a fault that was active during deposition of the Wealden strata. The evidence of growth faulting in the area is also known in the Purbecks ( West, 1975) but mainly in relation to a fault in thesis statement for porphyria lover Worbarrow Bay. The top of the Wealden sequence on the west side of the cove is cut out by an east-west fault, according to Nowell (1998). Some details of the Wealden here will be considered. Here are some interesting, thin and lenticular sandstone bodies in the Wessex Formation. They seem to be of fine or medium-grained sand, quite unlike the Coarse Quartz Grit. Note that the direction of younging in mla research paper these slightly overturned strata is towards the north (to the right of the photograph). If you look carefully at the small channel-like feature in one of thesis for porphyria these you will some ichnofossils or trace fossils (please leave them there or demonstration purposes). The worm burrows shown here seem to be of Planolites . This occurs in the Vectis Formation, which represent the upper and esl homework brackish to thesis statement for porphyria marine part of the Wealden Group in in a big city the Isle of Wight ( Stewart, et al ., 1991). It is not usually present in the fluvial facies of the statement lover, Wessex Formation that is present here at Lulworth Cove. Probably this occurrence needs further investigation. There is a small sequence of weakly cemented sandstone with lignite. This is parts of abstract, partly overturned. The origin of it is of interest. A general photograph is reproduced here again for location purposes. We can examine this sandstone with lignite and try to determine its origin. The sandstone is fine to medium grained; it does not show obvious coarsening-up or fining-up. It is appreciably cross-bedded and thesis for porphyria the lignite drapes on rf research papers foresets and in small channels. I have not studied this in thesis statement for porphyria detail and have definate information on the conditions in which it was deposited. Consider the possibilities. Was it the deposit of a rather low-energy river channel. Rf Research Papers. Are we seeing evidence of lateral accretion from the growth of small point bars? Is the lignite the plant debris that accumulated as a flood subsided? Is there some other explanation such as crevasse-splay? Is is unlikely, though, that there were so many crevasse splays at the same place? Could these sands have accumulated at for porphyria lover the mouth of the river at the lagoon or lake margin? Could they be a type of very shallow water, delta-front sands? What are your views? 6. STRATIGRAPHY - LOWER GREENSAND. (Notes to be added) 7. Of Living In A Big City. STRATIGRAPHY - GAULT CLAY FORMATION. The name "Gault Clay" is statement for porphyria lover, a tautology - "Gault" is an old English word for clay, as in "Gaulters Gap", Kimmeridge where there is no geological Gault. In southeastern England the Gault is a purer black clay, but here at Lulworth Cove is very sandy and largely a black or dark grey loam. It passes up transitionally into the Upper Greensand, gradually becoming more sandy and greener and more glauconitic. The Gault, known in parts of abstract the Isle of Wight as the statement, "Blue Slipper" is a common cause of landslides. The result of of abstract in research this is statement for porphyria lover, that it is not well-exposed on the Dorset coast, and is often concealed by debris. Further east in the Weald area, the Gault Clay is a black clay about 30 to 80 m in thickness. The boundary between the esl homework, Gault and statement the Upper Greensand is diachronous [from the Greek - "across time" - diachronous refers to the crossing of time planes], and is usually quoted as the best example of diachronism in Britain. The Gault is well-known for its good aragonitic fossils, such as ammonites of the genus Hoplites and its relatives (usually small compressed subinvolute shells with strong ribs). Parts In Research Paper. These are not normally found at Lulworth because the exposure is thesis statement for porphyria, poor. Only some bivalves have been found, and these in boulders in esl homework the talus. If the Gault is regarded as the black, more argillaceous beds of the Albian sequence, then the thickness at Lulworth Cove of statement lover these is only 11.3 m according to Arkell (1947). Contrast this with the 34 m of compare already black beds, clay and loam of the "Gault" at Worbarrow. No less than 23 m have been lost in that short distance. This type of change is like that seen in the Jurassic strata affected by Late Kimmerian extension regime. So, although the Albian was deposited round about the end of thesis for porphyria lover this phase, the switch to the compressional phase may not have been completed at that time. In other words Lulworth Cove was still, even at this late stage, showing more "high" characteristics than Worbarrow, which is transitional to "basinal" in term of facies and paper thicknesses (there is even some Albian - Purbeck analogies in local variations West (1975) ). This diagram explains some characteristics of the Dorset Gault. Notice that the clay mineral composition contains the expandible clay mineral smectite, whereas this is statement for porphyria lover, generally absent in the continental Wealden. The properties of the "Blue Slipper" are affected by the presence of the expandible and greasy smectite. In the Wealden, in contrast the parts of abstract in research, acid soil conditions of the for porphyria lover, early Cretaceous would have been adverse to the preservation of smectite and more favourable for kaolinite. Notice that the Wealden palynomorphs shown are Hauterivian. Is there any Barremian here? Of course, there is a hiatus anyway; there is no Aptian so the Barremian could be missing too. The dinocysts are interesting; these are late Albian. This ties in with the reduction in thickness of the Gault in the Lulworth Area; presumably the lower beds are missing. The exact age of the pebble bed is probably uncertain. Perhaps this is diachronous and also rather young. 7. GAULT CLAY continued - 7.2. Gault Overstep. The base of the Gault is probably the most well-known horizon in Britain for project management diploma, overstep. This is the "stepping over" of a stratum above the angular unconformity from younger strata to older in thesis lover a particular direction. If the angle is great the overstep may be actually visible in the field but this is rarely the case. Of Living Big City Essay. More often the angle of the unconformity is statement lover, very small and the overstep is recognised from stratal relationships over a significant distance. As shown above, the Gault commences with a pebble bed that marks the major unconformity at the base of the Albian. On a broad scale there is pronounced overstep westward, as shown in the diagram above. This new and drastic phase of the tilting of England and Wales towards the east commenced at this time. It still continues: London and the East Coast is still going down (note Thames Barrier). Now, to consider further the problem of overstep of Albian examine again a N-S cross sections through Lulworth Cove. The Gault oversteps quite abruptly onto the Corallian and other Jurassic strata. At White Nothe, east of parts Weymouth, you can observe the Gault and Upper Greensand on thesis for porphyria lover the Kimmeridge Clay. This northern overstep is shown on the diagram as mainly due to inversion [reversal of direction of throw over time] on the fault. You can see though that pre-Albian folding is compare essay already written, also involved, and this is visible at White Nothe. Observe also that directly north of the Inversion boundary fault the direction of overstep is locally opposite and is thesis statement, actually from north to south. Thus, the east-west diagram is parts of abstract in research, a simplification, but important in showing the broad features. Go west to Lyme Regis or Charmouth, look at Black Ven, the Gault and for porphyria lover Upper Greensand are on Lower Lias clays - and the westward overstep becomes very clear. Local overstep in the Lulworth area is complicated because here we are at the northern margin of the English Channel Inversion. In broad structural term, the Basal Gault Pebble Bed marks a drastic change in tectonic regime here. In the Jurassic to the early Cretaceous the mla research, Wessex region was off the east coast of America, there was N-S extension of the developing English Channel Basin. Later the Wessex region was separated from America by thesis statement the North Atlantic Ocean. Then came the gradually developing N-S compression from the African Plate, and in due course, the Alpine folding. Disadvantages Of Living In A Essay. The Basal Gault Pebble was formed at the very end of the extension phase and is associated with the Late Kimmerian movements and unconformity. 7. GAULT CLAY continued: 7.3. The Basal Pebble Bed. The Basal Gault Pebble Bed on thesis the NE side of Lulworth Cove is shown again above, together with a photograph of the same pebble at St. Project Management. Oswald's Bay, where it is sometimes better exposed. Thesis Statement Lover. This is esl homework, a good example of the classic relationship of a basal pebble bed to an unconformity. Because the strata are steeply folded the stratum is thesis for porphyria, almost vertical and papers is overturned in some places. Thesis For Porphyria Lover. Younging is to the north. Description of the stratum. Very useful information on the Basal Gault Pebble Bed has been provided by Garden (1988) who studied the sections at Durdle Door promontory (SY 806803) and St. Oswald's Bay east (SY 816800). The pebble beds are O.5-0.7m thick, and contain cobbles and pebbles set in a muddy, ferruginous sandstone and fine rapidly upward into micaceous mudstones. Garden (1988) found that where the exposure is good intensive bioturbation can be seen in the basal sandstones. Burrows also extend down into the underlying Wessex Formation (Wealden) siltstones and cover mla research sandstones to depths of O.l5m. You may or may not see this at Lulworth Cove. The pebble suites. The bed is an example of a fairly mature pebble bed and thesis lover the components are mostly composed of silica, notable for its resistance. The phosphorite, mentioned below, has a hardness of only 4.5 to 5 on Moh's Scale and although, less resistant, it has probably not been transported very far. Garden (1988) reported (p. 45 and rf research p. 211) that the thesis, the pebble suites of the cover page paper, basal Gault Pebble Bed of east Dorset (i.e. Lulworth area) are trimodal. The three main groups are as follows: 1. Large pebbles - coarse-pebble to cobble-grade clasts of pale, weathered cherts and dark phosphorites. He found at Durdle Door and St. Oswald's Bay cobbles of up to 450 mm, almost half a metre, of pale-coloured weathered chert. The weathered chert is very interesting with regard to Lulworth Cove and region. Garden (1988) pointed out that they are typical Portland Group cherts, including the thesis statement for porphyria, Rhaxella cherts (the dominant sponge cherts of the Portland Cherty Series), oolitic and coarse-grained bioclastic chert. There is some Purbeck chert of silicified evaporite type from the cover mla research paper, basal Purbecks and also silicified freshwater limestone of Cherty Freshwater Member type. 2. Small pebbles - small rounded pebbles of statement vein quartz, tourmalinite (mostly microcrystalline quartz and tourmaline - tourmalinised mudstones or cherts, but tourmalinised breccias and coarse quartz with acicular tourmaline is also present) and sandstone (quartzites). 3. Small phoshorite pebbles - a minor group - subangular to subrounded clasts of brownish black phosphorite up to 35 mm in length. Phosphorite clasts in the Basal Gault Pebble Bed include bivalve ( Protocardia ) and big city ammonite casts from the Kimmeridge Clay. A notable aspect of Garden's (1988) research is that Carboniferous chert is rare in the Basal Gault Pebble Bed in the Lulworth region but that Jurassic Portland chert is thesis statement for porphyria lover, abundant, particularly at Durdle Door. This, of course, all accords with the overstep northward of the Basal Gault Pebble Bed onto compare essay already the Portland Group, a feature which is seen in for porphyria the field at management diploma White Nothe. Thesis Statement. For further details see Ross Garden's (1988) thesis. Origin of the pebble bed. This pebble bed represents shoreline retreat Garden (1988); it is a relic of a shingle beach of the mid Albian marine transgression migrating across this tilted land (Owen 1971). Because of the local overstep northward onto Lower Cretaceous Jurassic strata, the pebble bed includes clasts of material from the Wealden Coarse Quartz Grit, particularly vein quartz pebbles. The chert derived from the Portland Group has come from a cliffed coastline, not very different from that of the Isle of Portland at the present time. Back in geological time the Albian coast was very similar in many respects to the present Dorset coast. At most other times there were no significant cliffs and a quite different geomorphology. Both the Albian pebble bed and the modern pebble deposits of Dorset like the Chesil Beach are transgressive deposits above a plane of unconformity (both with westward overstep). Garden (1988) considered that the poor sorting of the bed and the presence of clay-filled burrows extending down below the unconformity indicate that the deposits are unlikely to be high-energy, upper shore face deposits. The mixing of rf research papers gravel, sand and mud is more consistent with deposition in the nearshore zone on the lower shoreface. [END OF 7. GAULT CLAY] 8. STRATIGRAPHY - UPPER GREENSAND. 8. UPPER GREENSAND (start): 8.1. Thesis Statement Lover. UGS Introduction. To start on a tour of the geology of Lulworth Cove, one can first look at the general features from the shore near the beach cafe. Then a short distance eastward along the beach, and just after the huts the disadvantages of living big city, Upper Greensand is for porphyria lover, seen, as in the photograph above. This unit is mostly of Albian age (Cretaceous) and is about 40 metres thick in in a essay this area. For details of stratigraphic classification see the diagrams above and refer to the paper of Drummond (1970) which contains much of interest to anyone studying the Lulworth area. The Upper Greensand is a greenish, glauconitic, calcite-cemented sandstone, argillaceous in the lower part, and for porphyria lover entirely of marine origin. Notice in the photograph above how the softer, lower part (in the left and centre of the picture) gives way stratigraphically upwards (to the right) into harder more carbonate-rich sandstone. Rf Research Papers. There is much bioturbation and burrows are obvious. The green mineral glauconite occurs as rounded grains, appearing almost black under a hand lens, and this is a soft silicate mineral, a type of thesis statement clay, but green and in granular form. The glauconite grains are sand-sized, ovoid or spherical aggregates of dark green, iron-bearing clay minerals. There are separate smectite, illite and mixed-layer varieties so the broad term "glaucony" is sometimes used to refer to a green glauconite-type mineral of written unspecified clay mineral composition. The mineral contains both ferrous and ferric iron and the implication of this is that it has been formed at the oxic/anoxic boundary (i.e. with normal oxygenated water above reduced sediments). The rounding of the grains is a result of current or wave activity, also shown by the presence of quartz sand. Sea-floor conditions were probably rather like those of the current swept English Channel at statement for porphyria the present day, but appreciably warmer. It is project management diploma, not certain as to thesis statement for porphyria why glauconite was so abundant in southern England at this time, but the shallow current-swept sea-floor and the relatively ambient temperatures weres probably important factor. The same facies reappears in the Middle Eocene Bracklesham Group of Hampshire and Isle of and contrast essay written Wight, where there are greensands with similar scallop shells Amusium corneum . At this time, too, the temperature was relatively high for the palaeolatitude. It also occurs in the Portland Sand, and thesis statement there is an anomalous freshwater variety present in cover page mla research paper the Upper Purbeck strata of Lulworth Cove, and elsewhere. In the lover, upper part of the Upper Greensand (that is further east) there is much chert; the silica for this has come from opaline sponge spicules. These are sometimes visible if the rock is examined carefully with a good hand lens, although they are now probably chalcedony. The top of the Upper Greensand is of abstract, remarkable here in containing a thick boulder bed. The boulders are of calcite-cemented, glauconitic sandstone that have been rolled around by storm waves on the sea-floor. They have been coated with a thin outer layer of glauconite. Statement For Porphyria Lover. The reason that the Upper Greensand, with its boulder bed, is of rather unusual facies here is probably because it was deposited on a residual Late Kimmerian swell or high, even though it is, of course, above the basal Gault (main Late Kimmerian) unconformity. It is an interesting condensed sequence and this ties in with the in research paper, penecontemporaneous erosion (Drummond, 1970 ). For more recent information on the ending of the Cretaceous extensional phase see the petroleum geology literature. 8.. Statement For Porphyria. UPPER GREENSAND continued: Robust marine fossils, like those shown above are common in the Upper Greensand. It has undergone some diagenesis and calcitic shells are preferentially preserved. Fossils such as Exogyra obliquata bivalves and serpulid worm tubes are common, although often at beach level good fossils have often been removed by collectors. Ammonites had aragonitic shells and thus they can be present as either internal moulds of sandstone or more frequently as phosphate moulds in certain phosphatic, and usually more argillaceous, horizons. Calcite-cemented glauconitic sandstone of the Exogyra Rock which occurs in the middle of the succession. This bed is conspicuous because it projects in esl homework the cliffs and contains large numbers of fossil shells, particularly Exogyra obliquata (Pulteney). Lover. In older literature this is referred to as Exogyra conica (J. Sowerby). Although elsewhere in Dorset it is compare essay written, almost 3 metres thick, in the Lulworth area it only about a metre It contains Pecten (scallop) bivalves of which a part is visible in the photograph. Small echinoids ( Caratomus, Salenia, Hyposalenia, Discoidea ) are fairly common in certain other exposures where there has not been too heavy collecting. This bed occurs near the entrance to thesis for porphyria lover Lulworth Cove but the management, easily accessible fossils have gone. You can look up, though, and for porphyria lover see the Exogyra shells. There are three argillaceous beds above each of rf research papers about a metre thickness, of which the top one is the Ammonite Bed (see Arkell, 1947, p. 190 for summary faunal list). Large nautili occur in the bed beneath it at some localities. The bivalve Aequipecten aspera (Lamarck) ( Pecten asper in older books) is a very common scallop (like the modern "sea-butterfly") of the Upper Greensand with Exogyra obliquata (Pulteney) and some other shell material including serpulid worm tubes Rotularia concava (J. Sowerby). Entolium orbiculare (J. Sowerby), another common member of the Pecten family in the Upper Greensand. This small specimen (about 5 cm) is not perfect because the " ears " are not visible. For Porphyria Lover. Perhaps, this small scallop and Aequipecten asper were able to swim as many modern scallops do by flapping their valves and project thus avoiding being buried in the sand. Relatives of thesis for porphyria this mollusc at the present day have a number of small eyes in the edge of the mantle, useful for these more active members of the Bivalvia. 8. UPPER GREENSAND continued: Bioturbation or burrows by organisms is best developed in sediments of shallow or fairly shallow, marine origin. Esl Homework. The Upper Greensand is usually well-bioturbated. Burrows, probably made by crustaceans and worms, are common. At some localities particular types of burrow systems that form trace fossils can be identified. In the photograph here we see a vertical cross-section through various unidentified burrows, some of which are partially compacted. They are very clearly visible because dark glauconitic sand has filled the burrows which have been excavated in buff sand, now carbonate-cemented, which was relatively deficient in glauconite (I am using "glauconite" in a general sense here for thesis lover, simplicity - i.e. like "glaucony"). The exposure is parts in research paper, a small one of thesis statement for porphyria about half a metre at the back of the beach next to the shingle, a short distance east of the beach cafe. It varies in quality from time to time depending on movement of the shingle by storms. 8. UPPER GREENSAND continued: 8.4. Eastern Exposures. Here is an mla research interesting fault system at the contact between Upper Greensand and Lower Chalk at the eastern end of the Chalk section at the back of Lulworth Cove. To understand this fault see the table above of the classification of Lulworth area faults according to various authors. Look at the rough Upper Greensand fault breccia towards the right. For Porphyria Lover. This passes down into in situ Upper Greensand. It very heterogeneous and shows little sign of brittle fracture. It is obviously earlier than the narrow and well-defined Chalk fault breccia on the left. It is too late, however, for typical Late Kimmerian (the mid-Cretaceous movements); it is post-Albian (after the Late Cretaceous Albian Age). Furthermore if the bedding is returned to a low angle, as it would be before the Tertiary (Alpine) movements, then the fault is too low-angle for extension (Late Kimmerian movements were mainly of extension). Thus, it seems likely that both fault breccias are Tertiary but perhaps formed under different compression regimes at different stages in the development of the Inversion. With regard to the orientation of the fault plane and type of displacement, it seems to be an F5 on Arkell's classification. It hades northwards and the fault plane is at a steep angle. Bevan (1985) reclassified Arkell's F5 faults as antithetic [i.e. Rf Research. a minor, secondary fault, usually one of a set, whose sense of displacement is opposite to its associated major and synthetic faults]. Certainly the later chalk fault breccia shows brittle-fracture, it is sheared and almost monomict [of one rock type, as opposed to statement oligomict and esl homework polymict]. These features are compatible with a Tertiary antithetic origin, probably at a time of low-angle, maximum compressive stress. A further problem in addition to those discussed above is statement lover, that there is the cover format mla research paper, reduction of statement for porphyria lover dip northward, onto the hanging wall [the side of the fault to which the fault plane hades, or inclines from the vertical - thus this wall appears to hang. Opposite of footwall.] Why is of living essay, this? The continuation of this fault also deserves thought. Where is it on the western side of the cove? The Chalk at the back of Lulworth Cove is now considered. The strata are dealt with in the order in which they are encountered walking round the cove and not in thesis statement stratigraphical order. Because the strata are steeply dipping northward, they young in a northward direction, and therefore the Chalk outcrop is at the northernmost of Lulworth Cove. The chart above gives the terminology of the Chalk in both old traditional terms and in new lithostratigraphic nomenclature of of Mortimore and of the British Geological Survey. The Upper Cretaceous Chalk is very well-known as a fine grained coccolith limestone that is usually relatively soft. At Lulworth Cove only the Lower and parts of the Middle Chalk are seen. The Lower Chalk is greyer and harder than the typical white chalk and rf research papers has a significant clay content. It is cyclical and does not contain flints. The Middle Chalk is rather harder and more nodular than elsewhere. All the Chalk in the Lulworth has been sheared to some extent by tectonic action and in the Durdle Door area the flint is fragmented into thesis for porphyria, small pieces. The main Upper Chalk the White Chalk is not properly exposed in the cove but lies under Bindon Hill to the north. You can see it at other places such as Studland and the Isle of and contrast already Wight. The general stratigraphy, sedimentology and origin of the Chalk is not discussed here in detail. See the lover, diagram above and also Gale and Kennedy (2002) in Smith and Batten's (2002) guide to Fossils of the Chalk. As they point out that the Chalk is in a big city essay, distinctive and thesis very widespread. Virtually identical Cretaceous deposits, with the same fossils, extend across northern Europe and into central Asia, and are found as distant as Texas and Western Australia. A type of unconsolidated chalk forms in the modern oceans from the esl homework, rain of of calcareous plankton debris. In the Late Cretaceous, pelagic chalks spread from the more usual ocean environment onto the continental shelf and epicontinental seas of northern Europe as a result of a major rise in sea-level. Hundreds of metres of chalk formed a blanket-like cover over vast areas. Salinities were normal, and the sea floor was generally well-oxygenated. The sea floor was also below the limit of light penetration, and there is an absence of organisms that characterise shallow-water limestones that formed in the photic zone. At its maximum extent, the Chalk Sea probably covered all of the British Isles except the Scottish highlands (see Gale and Kennedy, 2002) for thesis lover, more information). Some Chalk fossils are mentioned briefly in the following sections on the Chalk. For more information on Chalk fossils the reader should again refer to Smith and Batten (2002). 9. CHALK continued: There are good exposures of Lower and Middle Chalk exposures at the back (north side) of Lulworth Cove. In the middle of the Chalk cliff, high above the compare essay, beach, is the major east-west strike fault. It is thesis for porphyria lover, shown in the geological map above and on esl homework the general cross-section. Here is the junction, between the rather weathered (and therefore rather brownish in thesis for porphyria lover the photograph) Upper Greensand and the Chalk. The Chalk here has a Basement Bed with small phosphate nodules. They are mostly only one or two centimetres in length and of a light brown colour. Some of these have replaced fossils and occasionally a phosphatised ammonite may be visible. Phosphate-rich beds usually form when there is very slow deposition and gradual accumulation of rf research phosphate from organic remains such as debris of plankton. In fact, the base of the thesis statement for porphyria lover, Chalk here does represent a hiatus (a pause in sedimentation - a gap in the time sequence), and this can be shown by the fossil content. Above the Basement Bed the esl homework, Lower Chalk, of Cenomanian Age, is cyclical with alternating beds of fairly pure chalk, without flints, and thinner, compacted beds of argillaceous (marly) chalk. They are better seen where they are washed by the sea, as at Man O' War Head between Dungy Head and thesis statement for porphyria Durdle Door. At beach level Lower and Middle Chalk are seen separated by the Plenus Marl and dip steeply northward. Cover Mla Research Paper. The Lower Chalk is cyclical, rather argillaceous and without flints. The Middle Chalk is nodular, without flints and forms the lower part of the cliffs at the back of the cove. The Upper Chalk is white chalk, rather harder than is usually case in England, and contains flints. Statement For Porphyria. It is only present in the upper part of the cliff north of the fault and is overturned to some extent. The Lulworth Cove Chalk has been briefly described by C.W. Wright in Arkell (1947). The Basement Bed (see below for more details) is preserved immediately above the Albian as 0.91m (3 feet) of buff sandy chalk with a few phosphatic nodules and fossils. Ater that distinctive and big city essay peculiar bed we encounter the main cyclical sequence of the thesis statement for porphyria lover, Cenomanian or Lower Chalk. Wright ( in Arkell, 1947) commented that it is so faulted that only about 9.14m (30 feet) remain. Esl Homework. In comparision it is statement for porphyria lover, about 27.43m (100 feet) at Worbarrow Bay and thicker still at Ballard Down, Swanage. Is the reduction in thickness in the Lulworth area the result of strike faulting or of condensation or of both condensation and project management strike faulting? Bear in mind the proximity of the section to the main Inversion Fault (of F4 type) and the possibility that the exposure here is of Cenomanian Chalk between two strike faults at the margin of the Inversion (examine the thesis lover, House cross-section shown above). It is likely that both are involved. 9. CHALK continued - 9.3.The Plenus Marl. These pictures above are given as illustrations of the Plenus Marl at the eastern exposure. Notice that, in rf research papers addition, comparison between the photographs reveals that the thesis, action of the 3 November 2005 storm seems to remove the of abstract, chalk talus, leaving mostly the flint pebbles. It has also resulted in a small fresh cliff at the base of the lover, main and old cliff. This particular storm sadly caused the deaths of two boys who were washed away by the large waves actually entering the cove. Perhaps this storm has initiated a new phase of erosion and undercutting within Lulworth Cove. The upper limit of the Lower Chalk is marked by the Plenus Marl, a grey marl, much softer than the adjacent chalk and breaking into small angular fragments. It is very easy to recognise. At the present time there is a well-developed beach at the back of Lulworth Cove. A result of this and of the protection afforded by the narrowness of the inlet to the cove is that the erosion of the Chalk is limited and slow. Thus the project, Plenus Marl is not normally seen at Lulworth Cove in a fresh and clean exposure. I have added a photograph of the same bed on the west side of Durdle Door where it is eroded clean by the sea, but is highly sheared. The Plenus Marl at Lulworth Cove is about 1.83m (6 feet) thick. The characteristic belemnite is Actinocamax plenus , although this fossil is not easy to find. The Plenus Marl is a well-known and widespread marker horizon and is the subject of many papers. It is important because it is linked to evidence of a palaoeoceanograph perturbation. In Gubbio in thesis for porphyria northern Italy its equivalent is a one-metre thick dark bank of organic-rich shale and radiolarian sands known as the 'livello Bonarelli'. It is interesting that the Bonarelli horizon has a pronounced positive shift in delta 13C (the isotope of esl homework carbon). This peak can be identified in Plenus Marls of East Kent. Statement. See. In terms of zones and project management diploma stages there has been some argument about the position of the statement, Plenus Marl. Kennedy (1970) classified as Cenomanian-Turonian and assigned the lower part to the zone of Metoicoceras geslinianum and compare essay written the upper to the zone of Metoicoceras gourdoni . Skelton (2003) for more information on this. Some useful details, with a faunal list, have been given by thesis lover Jefferies (1963) of the esl homework, plenus Marl at statement Durdle Door: "North-east corner of Durdle Cove at foot of cliff. Rf Research Papers. Fig. 10. 30/805803. Despite great regional tectonic disturbance the plenus Subzone seems complete. Base Bed 1 abrupt. No 2b or 3a. Statement For Porphyria Lover. Bed 8 consists of 8a, band c. Aragonitic fauna abundant in Bed 1 (highly exceptional) as well as in Beds 2-3 and 4-8. Characteristic fossils: Bed 1, large Ostrea vesicularis, Neithea quinquecostata ; 2, Entolium membranaceum (c), Calliderma smithiae ; 3, Metoicoceras geslinianum ; 4, Actinocamax plenus, Oxytoma seminudum ; 5, Sciponoceras sp., Metoicoceras gourdoni ." It is rf research papers, very interesting that an thesis for porphyria lover aragonitic fauna has been preserved in Bed 1. In most of the Chalk the aragonitic fossils have been dissolved so that only the calcitic fauna is project management diploma, visible. I do not know whether the aragonitic bed is thesis lover, preserved at Lulworth Cove. For information on the palaeoecology of the Plenus Marl, with emphasis on a section at Merstham in Surrey see also Jefferies (1961). 9. CHALK continued: 9.4. Middle Chalk or Holywell Chalk Formation. The Turonian (Middle Chalk, excluding the Holaster planus Zone at the top) is seen at the base of the cliff at the back of the cover, cove where the chalk is in the Inoceramus labiatus Zone. Characteristic fossils have been obtained. They include a single specimen of Cardiaster pygmaeus Forbes. Rowe (1902) recorded "Ammonites cunningtoni (?= Prionotropis woollgari Mantell sp.) and sometimes worn ammonites are visible in situ. Thesis Statement For Porphyria. The present author has seen a large specimen collected from the central part of the back of the cove. Wright mentioned that it is sometimes possible to reach a face of the Terebratulina lata Zone by climbing up the esl homework, talus. This is not recommended. At the statement for porphyria lover, back of the cove look for a Middle Chalk zone fossil, the bivalve - Mytiloides labiatus Schlotheim. This was formerly known as Inoceramus labiatus von Schlotheim, 1813 and the name Inoceramus labiatus has been widely used in the older literature; from this species the I. labiatus Zone takes its name. In the USA the format, similar Inoceramid known as Mytiloides mytiloides is common in the Upper Cretaceous (see Cobban, 1983). See Cleevely and Morris (2002) for more information on Inoceramid taxonomy. The Inoceramids are very interesting because they had a prismatic calcite layer of the shell which is lover, preserved in project management the British Chalk. Aragonitic shells have been lost in thesis for porphyria most of the rf research papers, Chalk so quite a distorted impression of the for porphyria lover, original benthic fauna is given by cover page mla research paper the cliff exposures. There would have been many aragonitic bivalves and other organisms of thesis lover which there is no record. Gale and Kennedy, 2002) commented that the aragonitic shells probably dissolved on the sea floor or just below it and that typical White Chalk faunas, dominated by cover page paper originally calcitic organisms are 'preservation faunas' in which the aragonite component has been lost. Thesis. Of course, it should be noted that aragonite is usually lost in permeable limestones through which meteoric water can percolate, and thus some later loss is possible (c.f. Portland Stone). Aragonitic layers of the Inoceramids have been lost but the prismatic calcite is more resistant to dissolution. Inoceramid prism are common throughout the disadvantages of living essay, Chalk even where near-complete fossils are not preserved. They are quite conspicuous in thin-section. Although they are not usually preserved in the Middle Chalk, a mould of a large ammonite has been found near this part of the cliff some years ago (by Dr Page). Because of thesis statement sea erosion and extensive collection this is not a locality at which to find echinoids easily. Eroded specimens might just be found, so some examples of Chalk and other Cretaceous echinoids are shown here. Echinoids in the Chalk are important in showing that the sea was not very deep, certainly not too deep for this benthic and burrowing fauna. This distinguishes the coccolith ooze of the project diploma, Chalk from the coccolith oozes which form in deep oceans. For more on the Chalk and Chalk fossils see the webpage: British Chalk Fossils - by Robert Randall. 9. CHALK continued: 9.5. The Black Rocks, Rock-Fall Locality. At the back of Lulworth Cove, towards the western side and thesis statement for porphyria not far from the access to the beach and the cafe are the Black Rocks. As you can see they are actually not black but green with algae, although appearing dark from a boat. These rocks only occur at this one place and yet the Chalk cliff has broadly the disadvantages of living big city, same strata and structure along its east-west length. Although little seems to have come down recently, at thesis distant intervals of of abstract in research paper time it seems that some debris falls from the scar providing new boulders for the Black Rocks. The accident in 1957 happened when a heavy boulder fell almost vertically from about 30 m (about 100 feet) up and then impacting on the lower part of the cliff with high velocity, disintegrated explosively in part with a loud bang, the "shrapnel" causing injuries to sunbathers ( Anonymous, 1957 ). The remaining lump bounced into the sea but, fortunately, no-one was killed. Fortunately, such falls are very rare so the risk of walking past the site is usually very small. Photographs here show the thesis statement for porphyria lover, suggested location of the source of the Black Rock boulders, but even if this is correct there are many interesting problems. Wright (in Arkell, 1947) referred to the occurrence on project management diploma the beach of boulders from the Holaster planus zone, now the Sternotaxis planus Zone of the Lewes Nodular Chalk. These strata are from the lowest part of the Upper Chalk. He was probably referring to the Black Rocks. The boulders can be seen at for porphyria lover low tide and they consist of esl homework fairly hard chalk containing flints. They are large enough not to move easily on the beach and thus they are coated to some extent with dark green, marine algae, giving at statement lover a distance a black appearance. The flinty chalk of the boulders contrast with the esl homework, flint-less Lower and statement for porphyria Middle Chalk in the cliff. They seem to have fallen from the of living, higher part of thesis for porphyria obvious scar seen in the photograph above the esl homework, outcrop of the lover, Arkell's F4 (steep south dipping) fault. This is actually the great fault of the English Channel Inversion Structure, and is the most important fault in essay already the region. The exact position of the for porphyria, faults is not placed with certainty in rf research papers the image, because the cliff is partly grassed over. As can be seen on a geological map above, at this point the fault shows some curvature and trends into thesis statement lover, the cliff at the west side of the scar. In the photograph above observe the overturned Upper Chalk, probably from the Sternotaxus planus Zone (Lewes Nodular Chalk) north of the F4 fault high in the cliffs above Black Rocks. Some questions arise. 1. Was there at one stage a large fan of fallen talus with the page format paper, boulders on the outer, seaward side? No fan of talus remains. Alternatively, have the boulders fallen individually and bounced out from the thesis, cliff, as in the 1957 incident? 2. Why was a fall of page Upper Chalk only here? It occurs most of the way along the middle to upper part of the Chalk cliff. 3. Did the original fall, have any connection with neotectonics [recent movement on faults]? It seems unlikely but some small movement on this fault could have destabilised the adjacent cliff. The fault is one of the thesis for porphyria, largest in southern England, it marks the boundary of the English Channel Inversion and is connected to esl homework a deep basement structure. (Incidently, in the Purbeck Unio Bed of Stair Hole you can see the evidence of earthquake liquifaction associated with a Late Kimmerian precursor of this fault. There have been earthquakes here but it was a very long time ago.) 4. Look at thesis statement for porphyria extent of compare and contrast essay already vegetation on the cliff, the extent of scars from falls, the extent of undercutting by the sea. Thesis Statement For Porphyria. Think about "global warming", sea-level changes. Is the esl homework, present time a phase one of rapid erosion or is it perhaps a phase of slow erosion, with more rapid erosion to come in the future? 9. Thesis Statement For Porphyria Lover. CHALK continued: 9.6. Black Rocks, Rock Fall, Locality - More Information. Another accident took place here in 2009 and again, fortunately no-one was killed. Here is an extract from a press report (Steven Smith, 2009). "Nine-year-old boy who was buried by rocks at Lulworth Cove is discharged. 8:10am Tuesday 22nd September 2009 in News By Steven Smith. Danger: Lulworth Cove was the scene of a horrific accident on Sunday, when a cliff fall (location marked by asterisk [Black Rocks area]) buried alive a boy of nine. [This was a rock fall from about 10ft (3m.) above and not from the high Black Rocks sourc site high in the cliffs.] The nine-year-old boy thought to have been seriously injured when he was buried under rocks was discharged from hospital yesterday, Coastguards said. Disadvantages Of Living Big City Essay. He was completely covered by the falling rubble on Sunday as he played in thesis statement lover the late summer sun at Lulworth Cove. Initially it was thought that the child had serious spinal injuries, but yesterday he was discharged from hospital, a Coastguard spokesman confirmed. Of Living. He said: "It's all round good news, if you consider the situation. It's an thesis statement unpredictable event of being in the wrong place at the wrong time; it had a very successful outcome." 9. CHALK CONTINUED. 9.7. Chalk Cliffs - Future Rock Fall Risk - General. 10. STRUCTURE (start): 10.1. Introduction to the English Channel Inversion Structure. The most important tectonic structure at Lulworth Cove is shown above. It is strangely common for visitors to the cove to look at the minor structures of Stair Hole and to almost ignore this, the great boundary fault of the English Channel Inversion Structure! This is the main structural feature of Lulworth Cove - consider its origin. The diagram above is just a simple cartoon for educational purposes, and does not show the numerous faults or other details. Esl Homework. See accurate and technical cross-sections for details. The key work on thesis statement for porphyria lover this subject is the impressive seismic study of Underhill and Paterson (1998) - Genesis of tectonic inversion structures: seismic evidence for the development of key structures along the Purbeck - Isle of Wight Disturbance, Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 155. This paper provides various accurate sections through the Purbeck Disturbance, and page paper is essential reading. This new evidence is consistent with the better of the older views, but eliminates some unsatisfactory hypotheses. The many diagrams cannot be reproduced here, so the paper must be obtained by anyone studying the area seriously. See also the related work of Underhill and Stoneley (1998). The section above is a very simplified and diagrammatic cross-section to explain the main features without showing the details. It is intended for basic educational rather than technical purposes. Above are given a diagrammatic geological cross-section through strata and faults of Lulworth Cove. Statement Lover. The simplified version incorporates aspects of cross-sections of West (1964), Bevan (1985) and House (1989) but with modifications. This is intended to be merely illustrative of the general structure, rather than being the best calculated cross-section. It can be considered in different ways, either as a simple hypothetical explanation of the structures or a simple basic model for modification. A modified version of a very good cross-section by House follows. This is and contrast already, more accurate in that it shows more faults, but it does not deal with the Lulworth Crumples. To introduce the thesis for porphyria lover, cross-sections, it is already written, initially quite clear from geological maps and the cliff exposures that that the Chalk is folded so as to produce the statement, Purbeck Monocline. Format Mla Research Paper. This is a very asymmetrical anticline with a steep north limb and a very gentle south limb bringing the Chalk down to the sea-floor nearly 30 kilometres to the south (a long way south of the Isle of Portland). Statement Lover. Note that the fold in the Chalk has a very acute foresyncline (the sharp bend at the base). Note also that there is an unconformity under the Chalk, Upper Greensand and Gault. That is to say, the Jurassic strata underneath are not parallel but were folded before the essay, Chalk was deposited. Note also that the fold is situated over a fault, and this is believed to for porphyria have originated as a thrust fault in Upper Palaeozoic strata at depth during the Hercynian Orogeny (Carbo-Permian - round about 300 million years ago). Of major importance both academically and economically (because it is the reason for in a essay, the existence of the Wytch Farm oilfield) was the Late Kimmerian phase of extension. This (named after the Crimea where is it well shown) was connected with the lover, break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea and the development of the North Atlantic. Esl Homework. Although there was some similar early movement, the Late Kimmerian was the statement lover, Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous phase of this. In Dorset there was a stretching effect as the ocean started opening to paper the west. Dorset, including Lulworth Cove, was still an outlying eastern area off Newfoundland at the time (only about statement for porphyria lover, 1000 km from the present North America), but beginning to pull away to the east. The English Channel Basin or Channel Inversion, and the strata of the southern part of Lulworth Cove, was thus formed off the esl homework, western coast of America and has now drifted a long way eastward. 10. STRUCTURE continued: 10.2a. Inversion Structure - Modelling. See the very interesting modelling of an Inversion Structure on Utube by Philip Prince. This is thesis for porphyria lover, particularly good at representing the of abstract, northern margin of the English Channel Inversion at Lulworth Cove. Look at the striking similarities to the northern margin of the English Channel Inversion at Lulworth Cove. These are very striking! Bear in mind, though, that the English Channel Inversion Structure is a re-activated Variscan (Hercynian) structure. It was, of course, compressional in for porphyria lover the Carbo-Permian, with major thrust faults of the type that are seen at the surface in the southern Mendip Hills at the present. During the extensional phase of Inversion Structure, displacement on the major faults was listric. Consider the compressional phase with this background structure (i.e. some reversal of movement direction on the old listric faults). These are technical aspects that are complications on a basic pattern. The model shown by Prince makes it possible to visualise the project diploma, main scheme and possible variations on thesis lover it. It is very useful and requires study to look for similarities and differences. Go to this Utube site is strongly recommended. 10. STRUCTURE continued: 10.2. Fault Systems. The Lulworth area is an excellent area for cover format mla research, the study of faults. Normal (extensional) and reversed (compressional) faults in horizontal or nearly horizontal strata and simple thrust faults are easily understood. For Porphyria. However, the there are some interesting complications that are present in the Lulworth area and which should be borne in mind. 1. The strata is generally steep dipping and in some cases overturned. 2. Cover Mla Research Paper. Here a major fold is also faulted, and in fact, related in origin to a history of major faulting. 3. Statement For Porphyria. The faulting is often of growth faulting type [faulting in which movement has take place during sedimentation, and compare essay already written thus having thickness differences across the faults]. 4. There are two main ages of statement lover faults, although this is a simplification. Later faulting, the most obvious, is usually compressional Tertiary (Alpine) but there has been earlier Late Cimmerian movement (or Late Kimmerian). In Research Paper. This was a phase of faulting of for porphyria lover Late Jurassic - Early Cretaceous age, named because of its occurrence in the Crimea. In this area it is dominantly extensional - i.e. normal. 5. Other problems involve three-dimensional variation, the intersection of faults, the plunge of the folding, the relationship of folding dates to faulting dates etc. The interpretation of the faults in the field is not easy because of limited exposures. However, there is better understanding now because of seismic data relating to petroleum geology. Boreholes and offshore investigations have helped. To simplify the matter of faulting in the Lulworth area, the of abstract paper, standard classification of statement for porphyria faults used here is given. Esl Homework. Interpretations vary. The paper of Bevan (1985) is useful. Thesis. (A problem of non-compatibility with the old work of Phillips (1964) means that caution exercised in interpreting the of abstract paper, Lulworth Crumples of Stair Hole in Phillips' terms.) The most important faults are emphasised. At Lulworth Cove it is best to concentrate on the macrofaults, the large faults. The F4 is most important. Thesis For Porphyria. The antithetic F5 faults are interesting but may sometimes break the rules and not be normal. For mesofaults (shears etc) examine the Chalk particularly at St. Oswald's Bay and to the Durdle Door area. Parts. Man O'War Head is excellent for thesis statement for porphyria lover, study of faults. The broad theme of faulting in the Lulworth Cove area is, as noted above, the Late Cimmerian extensional faulting within the Jurassic and cover paper Cretaceous. The major ones were re-activations of old Hercynian thrust planes, originally compressional, of course, and at some depth under the thesis statement lover, area. The thrust planes were effectively pulled apart as normal faults, probably often listric [curved]. As mentioned above, the faulting was of growth type. It developed during sedimentation with a long phase of small earthquakes and depression of the downthrow side. This allows increased sediment accumulation on compare and contrast the downthrow, and therefore greater thicknesses of Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous deposits. This is needed to obtain the necessary burial depths for oil generation from the source rocks (about 3 km giving a temperature of statement for porphyria lover about 100 degrees C). So the growth faulting related to the greater subsidence of the English Channel (offshore) basin. Much later in the Oligocene to Miocene, Europe was affected by a new phase of stress, the Alpine Orogeny. This was the (second) northward impact of the African Plate. And Contrast Essay Already. Dorset was by now well-separated from America by the growing North Atlantic. Although quite far north from the orogenic belt (the Alps and Pyrenees etc) it was subject to statement for porphyria compressive stresses from the south. These stresses were conveyed through the essay already written, deep basement and had the thesis statement for porphyria, drastic effect of reversing the sense of movement on the faults. The normal faults now became reversed faults. The basin was now "inverted" (i.e. the direction of vertical movement was reversed). The former basin now became the project management, English Channel Inversion, a raised structure, a high. For simplicity, the major fault on the cross-section of Lulworth Cove is for porphyria, referred to as the "main inversion fault". This is because it is the northern boundary fault of the English Channel Inversion. The direction of movement on the fault has reversed from Jurassic-Cretaceous downthrow on the south side to Tertiary downthrown north. This is rf research, shown on lover the diagrams. Before the recent petroleum geological studies of the area and particularly before the accumulation of seismic data, the structures at Lulworth Cove were misunderstood. Emphasis used to be on the Purbeck Monocline. There is, of course, a fold as shown on the sections and it is quite important. The fold, however, is not the primary structure. To some extent, it is a drape structure over a fault. It is not merely a drape though; the mla research paper, steep limb has been subjected to intense compression from the south with consequent thinning of the near-vertical strata. In addition there are various complications. Statement For Porphyria Lover. One of these is the easterly plunge of the monocline. Its importance is that the deep area of the steep limb, near the foresyncline, is brought up to a higher level at Durdle Door. Thus it is there that the most intense compressional structures are accessible and parts of abstract visible. To follow these topics further see the papers of thesis statement Underhill and other petroleum geology and in research paper structural studies. 10. STRUCTURE continued: 10.3. Lulworth Cove Geological Cross-Sections. Reading of the older publications of Arkell (1938; 1947), West (1964), Phillips (1964), Bevan (1985), Selley and Stonely (1987), Penn et al. (1987) and House (1989) is recommended to consider some of the various views on this much visited structure. Many theories have been put forward and various ones have involved substantial thrusting, gravity folding, drag folding, collapse, rollover anticlines, and inversion. Recent petroleum exploration will have advanced knowledge of the structures in this area appreciably. Attention is drawn to some of the many disputable points. This is only a limited discussion and the matters can be followed much further in the literature. There is the problems of compression; "gaping" ; and the Lulworth Crumples and the other crumples. Sir Aubrey Strahan, about 100 years ago was perceptive on this. Thesis Statement For Porphyria. He said in 1898, referring to the lower part of the essay written, fold at Lulworth Cove that "Here, therefore is indicated a region of compression. Upwards .. the rapid divergence of the two groups (Wealden and Lower Purbeck) points to a region in the monocline where there was a tendency to gape." Strahan then suggested that you take a paper-book or a thin journal and fold it into thesis statement for porphyria lover, an S. Observe the gape at parts paper the top. This seems very unscientific now but it should be noted that Bevan (1985) found Sigma One to be nearly horizontal in the Chalk of the steep zone of the Purbeck Monocline (Bevan, 1985, fig. 3, p. 340). He argued, though, for a different explanation. He suggested layer parallel extension during draping over reactivated Jurassic growth faults during N-S shortening. The Lulworth Crumples, one of which is shown here, are small folds always in the Middle and Upper Purbeck strata and within the north limb of the major monocline. They are usually asymmetrical folds or overfolds of some type and plunge down to the east at a small angle. Similar crumples occur at Blashenwell near Kingston, at Herston near Swanageand are well-exposed at Peveril Point in Durlston Bay. They are shown diagrammatically in the diagram and attributed here to (disharmonic) movement of incompetent Wealden strata at the contact with the more competent Purbeck Group. Statement Lover. If the Wealden sediments moved to some extent towards the cover format, inclined axial plane (the area of "gaping" "), the statement for porphyria lover, directions of vergence of the small folds is explained. Bed-over-bed drag effects would add to project management the effects at the base of the Wealden and compensate at the top. Thus, there are no crumples in the Gault and Greensand (West, 1964). Other interpretation of the crumples have involved collapse (Phillips, 1964) or gravity movement (Lees in Phillips, 1964)(if there was space at this low level for thesis statement for porphyria lover, the material to slump into!) Another disputable point is how many faults are there in the fold. I simplified the diagram and have shown one. Bevan (1985) has shown two and a possible minor branch. House (1989) has shown three. Some early interpretations (Strahan, 1898) showed one and those of intermediate date none. There does not seem to be much disagreement at present that at least one major south-dipping fault lies beneath the monocline. The major fault in the Chalk at the back of Lulworth Cove is believed to be the page format paper, continuation of it (as shown in thesis for porphyria the diagram here). The regional plunge of structures down to the east results in a low-level view of related structures further west where faults are clearly seen (Abbotsbury-Ridgeway Fault system - see House, 1989, fig 22 and references to earlier work). Another problem is that of whether or not there is a rollover anticline in the pre-Gault strata. Selley and Stoneley (1987) have argued for one; Penn et al. have argued against. Rf Research Papers. I have simplified the section here and (unlike House, 1969) have omitted a rollover from this diagram. Without it the diagram not only explains Lulworth Cove but also the sections further east. Plunge of the fold down to the east means that Worbarrow Bay represents part of the " gaping " region with thick Wealden. Other factors, however, are involved in statement Wealden thickness changes that I will not discuss fully here. One of project management diploma these is that the present coast is thesis statement lover, oblique to the north limit of the inversion in basin sedimentation terms and thus localities from Worbarrow to Durlston are actually in the inversion and, therefore, units there have greater thicknesses. Yet another complication is that the diagram generally does not show thickness changes within the already written, formations. This is a further simplification here . The only one shown is the thinning of the Purbeck Group in the compression zone, as seen in the Durdle Door area (the upper part of the Purbeck is lost by strike faulting). Also see House (1969) for consideration of statement lover borehole data from the area to of living essay the north of Lulworth Cove. 10. STRUCTURE continued: 10.4. Thesis Statement. Structural Locations at Lulworth Cove. A variety of the locations within Lulworth Cove that shown particular structural features of interest are shown below in a series of photographs. These are from different dates and vary in quality. 11. GEOMORPHOLOGY (start): 11.1. Geomorphology - General. For a discussion of the geomorphology of the Lulworth Cove area see Goudie and Brunsden (1997). This simplified geological map of the Isle of page Purbeck shows Lulworth Cove, just beyond the limits of the " island " (limit is Luckford Lake and for porphyria Arish Mell in Worbarrow Bay). Before considering the details of the Lulworth area it is intended to place the geological outcrop in broad perspective. The relatively harder, less easily eroded rocks are shown cross-hatched. Page Format Paper. Note the narrow steep-dipping Chalk outcrop forming the ridge of Purbeck Hills and also note the upland of Portland and Purbeck stone in the south. Between these two sets of hills is a valley of Wealden sand and clays. Statement Lover. This Wealden valley is very wide at Swanage in the east and extremely narrow in the Lulworth area. A steep dip, a thinner Wealden succession and cover paper some strike faulting are the major reasons for the narrow outcrop in the west. This simplified map does not show the full details or the cross-sections. The reader needing further information should see the British Geological Survey 1:50,000 geological map - Swanage, Sheet 343 and 342. This map covers much the thesis statement lover, same area as the esl homework, diagrammatic map given here and includes Lulworth Cove and Durdle Door. Some more specialist readers may wish to see the area in terms of both onshore and offshore geology (not shown on the map here). Statement For Porphyria. For this consult British Geological Survey 1:250,000 Series, Portland Map, Sheet 50 degrees N. In Research. -0.4 degrees W. This includes Lulworth Cove but is on a smaller scale and more complex. It does, however, include an enlargement of the area south of the cove which is based on the work of Donovan and Stride (1961). The theory that the coast west of Lulworth Cove was developed as a series of coves similar to lover Lulworth Cove. The southern barrier was the Portland and Purbeck stone. Breaches in these steeply dipping rocks led to the erosion of the disadvantages in a big city, Wealden behind in several cases. The Chalk at the back was eroded at a much slower rate and thus became effectively another barrier. The coves, so formed linked up, leaving as a relic - the Durdle Door promontory, each side of which resembles the thesis statement for porphyria, horns of Lulworth Cove, and finally outlying rocks like the Cow, the Blind Cow, the Bull and Man O' War Rock. This diagram is based on one of Calkin (1968), with minor modifications. Details in the western part - Durdle Door to Bats Head and parts of abstract in research the Cow rock. This is a simple theoretical model of the manner in thesis statement for porphyria lover which cove size is controlled by the dip, and therefore outcrop width, of the Portland-Purbeck barrier limestone and the outcrop width of the Wealden which is controlled by thickness in addition to cover page dip angle. Thesis For Porphyria Lover. Early views on these controlling factors were given by Arkell (1938). Since then there has been much more discussion about the Wealden Group. Consider whether this simple theory is correct? If you study the topographic map you will begin to see some complications. One point which has been the subject of disadvantages some dispute is thesis statement, that Lulworth Cove is of living, clearly connected with a former stream valley running out to sea through the Portland and Purbeck barrier. Water flows down the valley near the cove but much of the valley system is dry now. The upper valleys are typical dry chalk valleys that have been cut in the Pleistocene at times of periglacial conditions when water flowed on the surface of frozen soil. We can see typical solifluction deposits of this type in a similar valley at Scratchy Bottom, west of Durdle Door. When you examine the topographic map note whether all these postulated former coves at the sites of former stream valleys? Is the multiple cove theory really the thesis statement lover, correct explanation for the evolution of the coast here? Does Bacon Hole (SY 840797) and Chapmans Pool (SY 955770) and Pondfield Cove (SY 871796) fit into this theory? 11. GEOMORPHOLOGY continued: 11.2. Diploma. Loss of thesis statement lover Beach Material and Increase in Erosion - 2011. Changes have taken place fairly recently at the base of the Chalk Cliffs at the back of Lulworth Cove. Disadvantages In A Essay. On the 1st October 2011, it was noted that the beach in for porphyria lover the northwestern part seems to have lost most of the beach pebbles. Esl Homework. At high tide it was not as simple as previously to walk past the cafe on the beach just to the east of the ramp. Thesis For Porphyria. This is unusual. Some undercutting by the sea seems to have taken place in this area. Mud in the sea, visible in photographs above, shows that the Wealden clays on the beach are being eroded. This is also shown by siderite nodules projecting on the shore just here. At the eastern side of the cove, as shown in a photograph above, beach pebbles cemented by iron oxides seem to indicate that the storm beach level has recently been lowered. 11. Compare Essay Written. GEOMORPHOLOGY continued: 11.3. Chalk Cliff Falls, including 2011, 2012 and Onwards. Towards the statement lover, eastern end of the Chalk cliff at the back of of abstract paper Lulworth Cove there are the statement lover, sloping and papers grassed-over remains of very large chalk rock fall of long ago. See (above) old photographs above showing white chalk cliffs at the back of Lulworth Cove, rather than the present grassed-over slopes. Statement For Porphyria Lover. Now some re-activation is appearing. This might cause some increase in risk to holiday-makers sitting at the foot of the cliff in this area. However, the last incident seems to have been in 2009 and it was not here, but at Black Rocks. It was noticed that in the back Chalk cliffs of Lulworth Cove, at this date, there has been some renewed erosion. There have been four minor cliff falls of chalk debris. None of these was major and all were smaller than cliff falls which have taken place recently at Lyme Regis. The falls at page format the present time seem to be small and limited and effectively the result of some cliff retreat which has reactivated the bases of old debris cones. Lover. However, it is a new development and esl homework worthy of observation. 11. GEOMORPHOLOGY continued: 11.4. Another Lulworth Cove? The general geomorphological features of Lulworth Cove are not unique. Near Coos on the Oregon coast is Sunset Bay, another "Lulworth Cove", with several similarities and some differences. Statement For Porphyria. It is parts of abstract paper, a small circular bay with landward-dipping Eocene clays and weak sandstones (like the Wealden) eroded out. Thesis Statement For Porphyria Lover. The horns are, like Lulworth Cove, of project management landward-dipping harder and more resistant rock, but in this case are of statement lover sandstone of the Eocene Coaledo Formation. Like the esl homework, true Lulworth Cove a small stream enters the cove, partly to one side. Waves are refracted on entering the bay, and thesis statement for porphyria there is a quiet low energy beach at the back of the cove. Whereas Lulworth Cove faces the open sea to the south, Sunset Bay faces the Pacific Ocean to the west. (For more information on this and for an aerial photograph (on p. 199) see: Lund, E. H., 2001 (originally 1973). Landforms along the coast of southern Coos County, Oregon. Already Written. The Ore Bin (a monthly journal), vol. 35, No.12, December 1973. Originally published by the State of Oregon, Department of lover Geology and Mineral Industries, 1069 State Office Bldg, Portland, Oregon, 97201. Historical publication reprinted in June 2001 by Friends of Shores Acres, Inc., Coos Bay, Oregon, and on sale for compare and contrast, 2 dollars, 50 cents at the gift shop at the Shore Acres Park, a coastal site worth visiting, near Coos, Oregon. See also: Moore, E. J. Thesis For Porphyria Lover. 2000. Fossil Shells from Western Oregon: A Guide to Identification . Chintimini Press, Corvallis, Oregon, 131 pp. Sunset Bay is discussed on p. 113 et seq.) 11. GEOMORPHOLOGY continued: 11.5. Additional Problems. This section is a type of open-ended exercise. Some questions are put. Rf Research. Answers are not given, even if they are available. It is intentionally not referenced so that it can be used for projects or dissertations without being too easy. 1. First note that a higher raised beach of Hoxnian or of earlier Boxgrove raised beach is thesis statement, missing in East Dorset, although it ought to be found at round about 30 metres above sea-level. Therefore, an project management diploma earlier phase of thesis lover marine erosion is not well understood. During the last Interglacial, the Ipswichian, about 130 thousand years ago, the ice had melted and sea level was a few metres higher than at present. The Portland Bill Raised Beaches at the end of Portland have been dated as 125,000 and 210,00 BP. Esl Homework. If these dates are correct the statement for porphyria lover, younger of these would be about big city essay, Ipswichian. The trend of these raised beaches is northeast - directly in thesis statement for porphyria the direction of the essay, Fossil Forest. This would not be very significant, as it would be unlikely, of course, that the beach was straight but for the fact that the Budleigh Salterton quartzites (conspicuous liver-coloured pebbles derived from the Triassic Budleigh Salterton pebble bed in Devon) occur on the shore in Lulworth Cove. Did the Portland Raised Beach end near Lulworth Cove? The Fossil Forest Ledge is at about the thesis for porphyria, height of the Portland Raised Beach but there is no obvious evidence that it was the cliff of raised beach. It is paper, probably mainly the result of statement recent storm erosion. It is not possible to papers eliminate the possibility that the Budleigh Salterton pebbles have reached Lulworth Cove by some means such as ship ballast, although this is unlikely. They might have arrived here by some other geological means, such as debris in statement a solution pipe. Examine the diploma, geological maps. Note the position of the Portland raised beach. Thesis For Porphyria Lover. Study the sea-floor geology. Consider the prevailing wind direction. Note particularly the rf research papers, offshore Portland Stone outcrop. From this perhaps the approximate original outline of the coast could be deduced. One problem is whether there was a predecessor of the Chesil Beach. We need to consider this because what is now Portland Harbour (originally Portland Roads) was a possible route of Ipswichian sea entry into the area. The Isle of Portland provides evidence in its periglacial debris for an appreciably greater height at that time. The present "island" is only a relic of a larger southern Portland outcrop now under the sea. Following this, the question arises what was the situation in the Devensian (last glacial)? The English Channel was dry but where did the local streams extend to? What sort of erosion occurred? Was there a river channel through the Portland outcrop (now under the sea) to the south or was the main channel under the Chesil Beach. Now consider the Flandrian Transgression. For Porphyria. This was the rise in sea-level from about 140 metres down to paper the present level within about the last 10,000 years. It was initially fast and later slower. Another curious feature of the cove requires attention. The stream valley meets the cove at almost the for porphyria lover, same level (it is slightly above the beach). It is not drowned as an estuary, and it is rf research, not truncated as at lover Scratchy Bottom. Note that although it shows a little rejuvenation by cliff retreat, this is not on the scale of the streams at Chapmans Pool or Kimmeridge. A guide to the geomorphology of the area by Goudie and Brunsden (1997) contains some interesting comments relevant to this topic. They comment as follows: : "It is not known how the development of the parts of abstract, coast was affected by thesis lover the high sea-levels of the of living in a big city, last interglacial which formed the Portland raised beaches between 9-15m OD. There are beaches at the mouth of thesis for porphyria lover Lulworth and Stair Hole at this height and so the sea may have flooded the area. There is a notch above the Lulworth ice cream cafe at the same height but it is not known if this is of living, of marine origin." Perhaps there is a good indication here to thesis statement for porphyria a local source of the Budleigh Salterton pebbles? 11. GEOMORPHOLOGY continued: FOR PURBECK FORMATION WEST - FOR PURBECK FORMATION - EAST. BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES. I am very grateful to the many geologists who have accompanied me in Lulworth Cove over project management diploma, the years and discussed aspects of the geology. Thesis. I am sorry that I cannot name them all. Discussion with students involved in research projects has been very helpful. I thank Louise Morris for useful contributions to rf research papers the topic of the statement lover, source of the Lulworth Cove beach pebbles. I very much appreciate the kindness of Professor Adam El-Shahat in allowing me to make use of his excellent work on the Purbeck Group in 1977. I thank Halfdan Carsten for his kind permission to use photographs taken on and contrast already a field trip in Dorset in 2005. I think Philip Prince for showing me his extremely interesting modelling of the Inversion Structure on thesis statement for porphyria lover Utube. The support and encouragement during the development of these pages by parts in research paper the staff of the thesis statement for porphyria, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton (formerly Southampton Oceanography Centre) is very much appreciated. The academic staff and students of compare written various field trips at Lulworth Cove are thanked for their kind cooperation regarding photography on the cliffs. I particularly thank Professor Jonathon Bull, Associate Dean of the Faculty of Natural Science and the Environment at thesis lover Southampton University for supporting the continuation of this website through Southampton University; this is much appreciated. My wife Cathy has very kindly provided background support for the production of this and all the other webpages, and I very much appreciate her help. I much appreciate the advice and help of my daughter, Tonya Loades of Bartley West, Chartered Surveyors. Copyright © 2014 Ian West, Catherine West, Tonya Loades and written Joanna Bentley. All rights reserved. This is a private, academic website intended to be useful for research, reference and educational purposes. Statement For Porphyria Lover. Images and text may not be copied for publication or for use on diploma other webpages such as MOOCs or for any commercial activity. A reasonable number of images and some text may be used for non-commercial, non-charged, non-online and thesis non- published academic purposes, including field trip handouts, student projects, dissertations etc, providing the source is and contrast already, acknowledged. All images so used must contain the original caption, including the thesis statement for porphyria, copyright statement. Some images are not those of the author and the copyright is management diploma, that of the original photographer and these are not for any use without specific permission from the source photographer. This particularly applies to aerial photographs, but also to some sets of field photographs. Disclaimer: Geological fieldwork involves some level of risk, which can be reduced by knowledge, experience and appropriate safety precautions. Persons undertaking field work should assess the lover, risk, as far as possible, in accordance with weather, conditions on the day and the type of esl homework persons involved. For Porphyria Lover. In providing field guides on the Internet no person is advised here to in a essay undertake geological field work in thesis statement for porphyria any way that might involve them in unreasonable risk from cliffs, ledges, rocks, sea or other causes. Not all places need be visited and the descriptions and photographs here can be used as an alternative to visiting. Individuals and leaders should take appropriate safety precautions, and in bad conditions be prepared to cancell part or all of the field trip if necessary. Permission should be sought for entry into private land and no damage should take place. Attention should be paid to weather warnings, local warnings and danger signs. No liability for death, injury, damage to, or loss of property in connection with a field trip is accepted by providing these websites of compare and contrast essay geological information. Discussion of geological and geomorphological features, coast erosion, coastal retreat, storm surges etc are given here for academic and educational purposes only. Thesis Lover. They are not intended for assessment of risk to property or to life. No liability is parts paper, accepted if this website is thesis lover, used beyond its academic purposes in attempting to determine measures of risk to life or property. Webpage - written and produced by: at his private address, Romsey, Hampshire, kindly supported by Southampton University,and web-hosted by of abstract courtesy of thesis for porphyria lover iSolutions of Southampton University. The website does not necessarily represent the views of Southampton University. The website is written privately from home in Romsey, unfunded and with no staff other than the author, but generously and freely published by Southampton University. Field trips shown in photographs do not necessarily have any connection with Southampton University and may have been private or have been run by various organisations.