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how do i write my research proposal

This is a work in progress, intended to organize my thoughts on the process of formulating a proposal. Original Research Articles Definition. If you have any thoughts on the contents, or on paper, the notion of making this available to students, please share them with me. Thanks. This is original definition, a guide to writing M.A. Biomimicry Architecture Thesis. research proposals. The same principles apply to dissertation proposals and to proposals to most funding agencies. It includes a model outline, but advisor, committee and funding agency expectations vary and original research articles, your proposal will be a variation on this basic theme. Cooking Papers. Use these guidelines as a point of departure for discussions with your advisor. They may serve as a straw-man against which to build your understanding both of your project and original articles definition, of proposal writing. Proposal writing is important to your pursuit of a graduate degree. And Analysis. The proposal is, in effect, an intellectual scholastic (not legal) contract between you and original research articles definition, your committee. It specifies what you will do, how you will do it, and how you will interpret the strategies sentences paragraphs essays results. In specifying what will be done it also gives criteria for determining whether it is done. In approving the proposal, your committee gives their best judgment that the approach to the research is reasonable and likely to yield the anticipated results. They are implicitly agreeing that they will accept the result as adequate for original articles definition, the purpose of granting a degree. (Of course you will have to write the thesis in acceptable form, and you probably will discover things in the course of your research that were not anticipated but which should be addressed in your thesis, but the minimum core intellectual contribution of your thesis will be set by the proposal.) Both parties benefit from an agreed upon plan. The objective in writing a proposal is to describe what you will do, why it should be done, how you will do it and what you expect will result. Being clear about these things from the beginning will help you complete your thesis in a timely fashion. A vague, weak or fuzzy proposal can lead to a long, painful, and often unsuccessful thesis writing exercise. A clean, well thought-out, proposal forms the backbone for the thesis itself. The structures are identical and through the write an english paper miracle of word-processing, your proposal will probably become your thesis. A good thesis proposal hinges on a good idea. Original Articles Definition. Once you have a good idea, you can draft the proposal in an evening. Getting a good idea hinges on familiarity with the topic. This assumes a longer preparatory period of reading, observation, discussion, and incubation. Read everything that you can in your area of interest. How To. Figure out what are the important and missing parts of our understanding. Research Definition. Figure out how to build/discover those pieces. Cooking Research. Live and breathe the topic. Talk about original definition, it with anyone who is interested. Then just write the important parts as the proposal. Filling in the things that we do not know and that will help us know more: that is what research is all about. Proposals help you estimate the size of a project. Don't make the project too big. Our MA program statement used to say that a thesis is equivalent to a published paper in scope. Cooking Papers. These days, sixty double spaced pages, with figures, tables and bibliography, would be a long paper. Your proposal will be shorter, perhaps five pages and original research, certainly no more than fifteen pages. (For perspective, the cooking research papers NSF limits the length of original research articles definition proposal narratives to 15 pages, even when the request might be for multiple hundreds of thousands of dollars.) The merit of the proposal counts, not the weight. Shoot for five pithy pages that indicate to a relatively well-informed audience that you know the topic and how its logic hangs together, rather than fifteen or twenty pages that indicate that you have read a lot of things but not yet boiled it down to a set of prioritized linked questions. Different Theses, Similar Proposals. This guide includes an for college sentences paragraphs, outline that looks like a "fill-in the blanks model" and, while in the abstract all proposals are similar, each proposal will have its own particular variation on original research articles definition, the basic theme. Biomimicry Architecture. Each research project is different and each needs a specifically tailored proposal to bring it into research, focus. Strategies For College Writing Essays. Different advisors, committees and agencies have different expectations and you should find out what these are as early as possible; ask your advisor for advice on this. Further, different types of thesis require slightly different proposals. What style of work is published in original articles your sub-discipline? Characterizing theses is difficult. Some theses are "straight science". Some are essentially opinion pieces. Biomimicry Architecture Thesis. Some are policy oriented. In the end, they may well all be interpretations of observations, and differentiated by the rules that constrain the interpretation. (Different advisors will have different preferences about the rules, the meta-discourse, in which we all work.) In the abstract all proposals are very similar. They need to show a reasonably informed reader why a particular topic is original research articles, important to address and write, how you will do it. To that end, a proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new contribution your work will make. Specify the question that your research will answer, establish why it is a significant question, show how you are going to answer the question, and indicate what you expect we will learn. The proposal should situate the work in the literature, it should show why this is an (if not the most) important question to answer in the field, and convince your committee (the skeptical readers that they are) that your approach will in fact result in an answer to the question. Theses which address research questions that can be answered by definition, making plan-able observations (and applying hypothesis testing or model selection techniques) are preferred and perhaps the easiest to write. Because they address well-bounded topics, they can be very tight, but they do require more planning on the front end. Theses which are largely based on synthesis of observations, rumination, speculation, and opinion formation are harder to write, and usually not as convincing, often because they address questions which are not well-bounded and essentially unanswerable. (One 'old saw' about research in strategies for college writing paragraphs the social sciences is that the finding is always: "some do and some don't". Try to avoid such insight-less findings; finding "who do and who don't" is better.) One problem with this type of project is that it is often impossible to tell when you are "done". Another problem is that the research nature of argument for a position rather than the reasoned rejection of alternatives to it encourages shepherding a favored notion rather than converging more directly toward a truth. (See Chamberlain's and Platt's articles). A good proposal helps one see and avoid these problems. Literature review-based theses involve collection of information from the literature, distillation of it, and coming up with new insight on architecture, an issue. One problem with this type of research is that you might find the perfect succinct answer to your question on the night before (or after) you turn in the final draft --- in someone else's work. This certainly can knock the original research articles wind out of your sails. (But note that even a straight-ahead science thesis can have the problem of discovering, late in the game, that the work you have done or are doing has already been done; this is where familiarity with the relevant literature by both yourself and your committee members is important.) A Two Page (Preliminary Proposal) Model. Here is a model for a very brief (maybe five paragraph) proposal that you might use to interest faculty in research psychology sitting on your committee. People who are not yet hooked may especially appreciate its brevity. In the first paragraph, the research articles definition first sentence identifies the general topic area. The second sentence gives the research question, and the third sentence establishes its significance. The next couple of paragraphs gives the for college writing paragraphs essays larger historical perspective on the topic. Essentially list the major schools of definition thought on the topic and very briefly review the literature in the area with its major findings. Research Papers Psychology. Who has written on the topic and what have they found? Allocate about a sentence per important person or finding. Include any preliminary findings you have, and research articles definition, indicate what open questions are left. Restate your question in a rose essays this context, showing how it fits into this larger picture. The next paragraph describes your methodology. It tells how will you approach the question, what you will need to original research, do it. The final paragraph outlines your expected results, how you will interpret them, and a rose, how they will fit into the our larger understanding i.e., 'the literature'. The two outlines below are intended to research, show both what are the standard parts of to answer in a career a proposal and of a science paper. Notice that the only real difference is that you change "expected results" to "results" in the paper, and usually leave the budget out, of the paper. Another outline (maybe from Gary Fuller?). Each of these outlines is very similar. You probably see already that the proposal's organization lends itself to word-processing right into the final thesis. It also makes it easy for original articles definition, readers to find relevant parts more easily. The section below goes into slightly more detail on what each of the points in the outline is and does. A good title will clue the reader into the topic but it can not tell the whole story. Follow the title with a strong introduction. Biomimicry Thesis. The introduction provides a brief overview that tells a fairly well informed (but perhaps non-specialist) reader what the proposal is about. It might be as short as a single page, but it should be very clearly written, and it should let one assess whether the research is articles, relevant to their own. With luck it will hook the reader's interest. What is your proposal about? Setting the topical area is a start but you need more, and quickly. Get specific about what your research will address. Once the topic is established, come right to the point. Strategies Writing Sentences. What are you doing? What specific issue or question will your work address? Very briefly (this is still the introduction) say how you will approach the original definition work. What will we learn from your work? Why is this work important? Show why this is cooking research, it important to answer this question. What are the articles implications of doing it? How does it link to other knowledge? How does it stand to inform policy making? This should show how this project is significant to our body of knowledge. Why is it important to our understanding of the world? It should establish why I would want to read on. It should also tell me why I would want to support, or fund, the project. State of our knowledge. The purpose of the literature review is to situate your research in research on sports the context of what is already known about a topic. It need not be exhaustive, it needs to original definition, show how your work will benefit the whole. It should provide the for emily essays and analysis theoretical basis for your work, show what has been done in the area by others, and set the original definition stage for your work. In a literature review you should give the strategies for college sentences paragraphs reader enough ties to the literature that they feel confident that you have found, read, and assimilated the literature in the field. Original Research Articles Definition. It might do well to include a paragraph that summarizes each article's contribution, and a bit of 'mortar' to hold the biomimicry edifice together, perhaps these come from your notes while reading the material. The flow should probably move from the more general to the more focused studies, or perhaps use historical progression to develop the story. It need not be exhaustive; relevance is 'key'. This is where you present the holes in the knowledge that need to be plugged, and by doing so, situate your work. It is the original research articles place where you establish that your work will fit in and be significant to the discipline. This can be made easier if there is literature that comes out and says "Hey, this is a topic that needs to be treated! What is the answer to this question?" and you will sometimes see this type of in a career paper piece in the literature. Perhaps there is research definition, a reason to strategies writing paragraphs, read old AAG presidential addresses. Your work to date. Tell what you have done so far. It might report preliminary studies that you have conducted to establish the feasibility of your research. It should give a sense that you are in a position to add to research articles, the body of for emily knowledge. Overview of approach. This section should make clear to the reader the articles way that you intend to approach the research question and the techniques and logic that you will use to address it. This might include the field site description, a description of the instruments you will use, and particularly the to answer career research paper data that you anticipate collecting. You may need to comment on site and resource accessibility in original research articles the time frame and budget that you have available, to demonstrate feasibility, but the emphasis in write an english paper this section should be to fully describe specifically what data you will be using in research your study. Part of the purpose of research psychology doing this is to detect flaws in the plan before they become problems in the research. This should explain in some detail how you will manipulate the data that you assembled to get at the information that you will use to answer your question. It will include the original articles definition statistical or other techniques and paper, the tools that you will use in processing the research data. It probably should also include an indication of the range of outcomes that you could reasonably expect from your observations. In this section you should indicate how the anticipated outcomes will be interpreted to answer the research question. It is research on sports, extremely beneficial to anticipate the research articles range of outcomes from your analysis, and for each know what it will mean in terms of the answer to your question. This section should give a good indication of what you expect to get out of the questions in a research. It should join the data analysis and possible outcomes to the theory and questions that you have raised. It will be a good place to summarize the significance of the original research definition work. It is often useful from the very beginning of formulating your work to research psychology, write one page for this section to focus your reasoning as you build the rest of the proposal. This is the original research articles definition list of the relevant works. Some advisors like exhaustive lists. Essays. I think that the Graduate Division specifies that you call it "Bibliography". Others like to see only the literature which you actually cite. Most fall in between: there is no reason to cite irrelevant literature but it may be useful to keep track of it even if only to say that it was examined and found to be irrelevant. Use a standard format. Order the references alphabetically, and original articles, use "flag" paragraphs as per the University's Guidelines. Read. Read everything you can find in your area of interest. Read. Read. Read. Take notes, and talk to your advisor about the topic. If your advisor won't talk to for college sentences paragraphs, you, find another one or rely on 'the net' for intellectual interaction. Email has the original research definition advantage of forcing you to get your thoughts into written words that can be refined, edited and improved. It also gets time stamped records of when you submitted what to your advisor and how long it took to cooking papers, get a response. Write about the original research articles topic a lot, and research, don't be afraid to tear up (delete) passages that just don't work. Often you can re-think and re-type faster than than you can edit your way out of a hopeless mess. The advantage is in the re-thinking. Very early on, generate the research question, critical observation, interpretations of the possible outcomes, and the expected results. Original Research Articles Definition. These are the core of the project and research, will help focus your reading and thinking. Research Definition. Modify them as needed as your understanding increases. Use some systematic way of recording notes and bibliographic information from the very beginning. For College Writing Sentences Paragraphs. The classic approach is a deck of index cards. You can sort, regroup, layout spatial arrangements and work on the beach. Possibly a slight improvement is to use a word-processor file that contains bibliographic reference information and notes, quotes etc. that you take from the source. This can be sorted, searched, diced and sliced in original your familiar word-processor. You may even print the index cards from the word-processor if you like the ability to physically re-arrange things. Even better for questions career research, some, is to use specialized bibliographic database software. Papyrus, EndNote, and other packages are available for PCs and MacIntoshs. The bib-refer and bibTex software on UNIX computers are also very handy and have the advantage of working with plain ASCII text files (no need to worry about getting at your information when the wordprocessor is several generations along). All of original articles these tools link to various word-processors to make constructing and formating your final bibliography easier, but you won't do that many times anyway. If they help you organize your notes and biomimicry thesis, thinking, that is the benefit. Another pointer is to keep in mind from the outset that this project is neither the last nor the original greatest thing you will do in your life. It is just one step along the research papers way. Get it done and articles definition, get on with the next one. The length to shoot for is "equivalent to a published paper", sixty pages of double spaced text, plus figures tables, table of contents, references, etc. is probably all you need. For College Writing Sentences Paragraphs. In practice, most theses try to do too much and become too long. Articles. Cover your topic, but don't confuse it with too many loosely relevant side lines. This is papers, not complete and needs a little rearranging. The balance between Introduction and Literature Review needs to original research definition, be thought out. The reader will want to be able to papers, figure out whether to read the proposal. The literature review should be sufficiently inclusive that the reader can tell where the bounds of knowledge lie. It should also show that the proposer knows what has been done in the field (and the methods used). The balance may change between the proposal and the thesis. It is common, although not really desirable, for theses to original research definition, make reference to every slightly related piece of work that can be found. This is not necessary. Career Paper. Refer to the work that actually is linked to your study, don't go too far afield (unless your committee is adamant that you do ;-). Krathwohl, David R. 1988. How to Prepare a Research Proposal: Guidelines for Funding and original articles, Dissertations in papers the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse University Press. Recent National Science Foundations Guidelines for Research Proposals can be found on the NSF website, www.nsf.gov. Chamberlain, T.C. "The Method of Multiple Working Hypotheses", reprinted in Science , Vol 148, pp754-759. 7 May 1965. Platt, J. "Strong Inference" in Science , Number 3642, pp. Original Articles. 347-353, 16 October 1964. Strunk and White The Elements of Style. Turabian, Kate. 1955 (or a more recent edition) A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses and Dissertations , University of Chicago Press. Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren. 1940 ('67, '72 etc). How to Read a Book . Simon and Schuster Publishers. New York City, NY.

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' Greenbone Security Desktop (GSD): Qt-based desktop client for OpenVAS Management Protocol (OMP) ' Command Line Interface (CLI): Command line tool which allows batch process creation to drive OpenVAS Manager. ' Libraries: Aggregated shared functionality. ' The most significant new features: ' Report Format Plug-in Framework. ' The extended OMP of OpenVAS Manager makes several new features consistently available to all of in a career research, its clients. 2.2. Original Articles? Password cracking tools: Password cracking does not have to involve fancy tools, but it is a tedious process. If the target doesn't lock you out after a specific number of tries, you can spend an infinite amount of time trying every combination of alphanumeric characters. It's just a question of time and bandwidth before you break into a system. Brutus is one of the most popular remote online password cracking tools. It claims to be the writing sentences essays, fastest and most flexible password cracking tool. [4] Brutus version AET2 is the current release and original articles, includes the following authentication types: ' HTTP (Basic Authentication) ' HTTP (HTML Form/CGI) BRUTUS utilizes a management module, or Adaptive Critic, providing the user with a comprehensive analyzing tool for pseudo real-time detection of behavior changes. Questions Research? We provide details of the systems architecture of the individual components and the common framework within which they operate. Most of the options in the user interface are pretty self explanatory. At the top, there are fields for you to input the IP address of the research articles definition, system that you are trying to architecture, crack, and the port number. There are also a couple of slide bars that allow you to original research articles, choose how many simultaneous connections you want to make to the remote host and what the timeout period is for a non responding connection. Both of biomimicry architecture, these options are already set to optimum values and should not be changed under most circumstances. Obi Wan stands for Operation burning insecure Web server against Netscape. Obi Wan is written to research definition, carry out on sports brute force security testing on Web servers. The idea behind this is web servers with simple challenge-response authentication mechanism mostly have no switches to set up intruder lockout or delay timings for wrong passwords. Research? In fact this is the point to start from. Every user with a HTTP connection to a host with basic authentication can try username-password combinations as long as he/she likes. Like other programs for strategies writing sentences essays UNIX systems passwords (crack) or NT passwords (l0phtcrack) Obi Wan uses wordlists and alternations of numeric or alpha-numeric characters as possible passwords. Research? Since Web servers allow unlimited requests it is a question of time and research, bandwidth to break in a server system .The most interesting targets are web based administration front ends like Netscapes Server Administration. If you can break in, you are able to create accounts, stop the research articles definition, server and modify its content. It is on sports, a Web password cracking tool that can work through a proxy. Obi Wan uses wordlists and alternations of numeric or alpha-numeric characters as possible passwords. 2.3 Port Scanning tools. Port scanning is one of the research definition, most common reconnaissance techniques used by testers to discover the vulnerabilities in writing paragraphs essays the services listening at well-known ports. Once you've identified the IP address of a target system through foot printing, you can begin the process of port scanning: looking for articles definition holes in cooking research papers the system through which you -- or a malicious intruder -- can gain access. A typical system has 2^16 -1 port numbers, each with its own TCP and research definition, UDP port that can be used to gain access if unprotected. The most popular port scanner for papers Linux, Nmap, is also available for Windows. Nmap can scan a system in variety of stealth modes, depending upon how undetectable you want to be. Nmap can determine a lot of original, information about a target, like what hosts are available, what services are offered and what OS is running. NMAP (" Network Mapper ") is a free and research, open source (license) utility for network discovery and security auditing. Many systems and network administrators also find it useful for original research articles tasks such as network inventory, managing service upgrade schedules, and biomimicry architecture, monitoring host or service uptime. Nmap uses raw IP packets in novel ways to determine what hosts are available on the network, what services (application name and version) those hosts are offering, what operating systems (and OS versions) they are running, what type of packet filters/firewalls are in use, and dozens of other characteristics. It was designed to rapidly scan large networks, but works fine against research, single hosts. Nmap runs on all major computer operating systems, and official binary packages are available for strategies for college writing sentences Linux, Windows, and articles, Mac OS X. In addition to biomimicry architecture thesis, the classic command-line Nmap executable, the Nmap suite includes an original articles definition, advanced GUI and results viewer (Zenmap), a flexible data transfer, redirection, and debugging tool (Ncat), a utility for biomimicry comparing scan results (Ndiff), and a packet generation and response analysis tool (Nping).; Nmap is free software, available with full source code under the terms of the original definition, GNU GPL. Nmap features include: ' Host discovery ' Identifying hosts on a network. For Emily Essays And Analysis? For example, listing the hosts that respond to pings or have a particular port open. ' Port scanning' Enumerating the open ports on target hosts. ' Version detection ' Interrogating network services on remote devices to determine application name and articles, version number. ' OS detection ' Determining the operating system and how to paper, hardware characteristics of network devices. ' Scriptable interaction with the target ' using Nmap Scripting Engine (NSE) and original articles, Lua programming language. Nmap can provide further information on targets, including reverse DNS names, device types, and MAC addresses. Typical uses of Nmap: ' Auditing the security of a device by identifying the network connections which can be made to cooking research papers, it. ' Identifying open ports on a target host in preparation for auditing. ' Network inventory, network mapping, and maintenance and asset management. ' Auditing the security of a network by identifying new servers. Nmap is a tool that can be used to discover services running on Internet connected systems. Like any tool it could potentially be used for black hat hacking, as a precursor to attempts to gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Nmap is original research definition, more often used by security and systems administration to assess networks for vulnerabilities. System administrators can use Nmap to search for architecture unauthorized servers, or for computers that do not conform to security standards. Nmap is related to vulnerability assessment tools such as Nessus, which test for common vulnerabilities in open ports. Original Definition? The included NSE scripts that are packaged with modern versions of Nmap are able to papers, perform vulnerability checks against original articles, discovered services. A number of various sites have been scanned using NMAP. The figure below depicts the results obtained after scanning RTU website. It also shows the for emily essays and analysis, list of research definition, open ports on how to write an english paper, RTU website. It depicts the port number, protocol used on that port, its state of original definition, being open or closed or filtered, type of service provided on that port and the version details. For instance, port 21 is in open state where TCP protocol is used and the service provided is FTP. 2.4 Vulnerability scanning tools. Vulnerability is cooking, a flaw in original a system, device, or application that, if leveraged by an attacker, could impact the security of the strategies for college writing sentences paragraphs essays, system. Exploits take advantage of vulnerability by articles, compromising or destructing the vulnerable system, device, or application. Remediation is the process of repairing or providing a remedy for vulnerability, thereby eliminating the risk of being exploited. Vulnerability scanning is used to identify and evaluate the security posture of a network. Historically, scanners were developed for specific purposes such as scanning only career, Windows desktops, applications, or network devices. A Vulnerability scanner allows you to connect to a target system and check for such vulnerabilities as configuration errors. Research Articles? A popular vulnerability scanner is the freely available open source tool Nessus. Nessus is an extremely powerful scanner that can be configured to run a variety of scans. While a windows graphical front end is available, the core Nessus product requires Linux to run. Microsoft's Baseline Security Analyser is a free Windows vulnerability scanner. MBSA can be used to detect security configuration errors on local computers or remotely across a network. Popular commercial vulnerability scanners include Retina Network Security Scanner, which runs on Windows, and SAINT, which runs on various Unix/Linux versions. In general, a vulnerability scanner is made up of four main modules, namely, a Scan Engine, a Scan Database, a Report Module and cooking, a User Interface. The Scan Engine executes security checks according to its installed plug-ins, identifying system information and vulnerabilities. It can scan more than one host at articles definition a time and compares the results against questions in a career paper, known vulnerabilities. 2. The Scan Database stores vulnerability information, scan results, and other data used by scanner. Research? The number of available plug-ins, and cooking papers, the updating frequency of research, plug-ins will vary depending on the corresponding vendor. Each plug-in might contain not only the test case itself, but also a vulnerability description, a Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) identifier; and questions to answer in a career, even fixing instructions for a detected vulnerability. Original Research Articles? Scanners with an "auto-update" feature can download and install the research on sports psychology, latest set of plug-ins to original articles, the database automatically. 3. The Report Module provides different levels of reports on the scan results, such as detailed technical reports with suggested remedies for in a paper system administrators, summary reports for security managers, and high-level graph and trend reports for executives. 4. The User Interface allows the administrator to operate the scanner. It may be either a Graphical User Interface (GUI), or just a command line interface. 2.4.1 Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer. The Microsoft Baseline Security Analyzer, or MBSA, is a simple, easy-to-use application that helps determine the security state of Windows-based computers against Microsoft's recommendations. MBSA can detect common security mis-configurations and missing security updates for Windows and other related Microsoft software. The MBSA provides built-in checks to determine if Windows administrative vulnerabilities are present, if weak passwords are being used on Windows accounts, the presence of known IIS and SQL administrative vulnerabilities, and which security updates are required on each individual system. Original Definition? The MBSA provides dynamic assessment of missing security updates. The MBSA can scan one or more computers by strategies writing paragraphs, domain, IP address range or other grouping. Once complete, the MBSA provides a detailed report and instructions on how to help turn your system into a more secure working environment. Original Definition? The MBSA will create and for emily and analysis, store individual XML security reports for each computer scanned and will display the reports in the graphical user interface in original articles HTML. When you want to scan a single host (whether a remote node or your own computer), choose Scan A Computer and you will be shown the biomimicry thesis, interface below. After the download completes, the research articles, scan runs. When it's finished the results are displayed and you are given the option to print a report or save it to the clipboard. A completed scan report groups its findings into categories matching the a rose essays and analysis, options in the scan menu, such as administrative vulnerabilities, SQL Server status and security updates. This is helpful in quickly resolving any issues discovered. Research Definition? The top of the report indicates which of three data sources were used, including Microsoft Update (the live service), Windows Server Update Services (a managing WSUS server) or Microsoft Update offline (when no other data source was available). It will also display the actual WSUS server used (if appropriate) and the date of the strategies writing essays, offline catalog. If an MBSA scan report is older than 7 days, the report will also indicate that a new scan should be performed to articles definition, ensure an up-to-date security assessment. 2.4.2 SAINT scanner. SAINT (System Administrator's Integrated Network Tool) is in a career research, computer software used for scanning computer networks for security vulnerabilities, and exploiting found vulnerabilities. The SAINT scanner screens every live system on a network for research articles definition TCP and UDP services. For each service it finds running, it launches a set of probes designed to detect anything that could allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access, create a denial-of-service, or gain sensitive information about the network. SAINT provides support to essays, The Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP) specification as an Unauthenticated Vulnerability Scanner and Authenticated Vulnerability and Patch Scanner. SAINT is also an approved scanning vendor with the Payment Card Industry (PCI). The Four Steps of a SAINT Scan: ' Step 1 ' SAINT screens every live system on a network for TCP and UDP services. ' Step 2 ' For each service it finds running, it launches a set of probes designed to detect anything that could allow an attacker to gain unauthorized access, create a denial-of-service, or gain sensitive information about the network. ' Step 3 ' The scanner checks for vulnerabilities. ' Step 4 ' When vulnerabilities are detected, the results are categorized in several ways, allowing customers to target the original research articles definition, data they find most useful. SAINT can group vulnerabilities according to severity, type, or count. Research? It can also provide information about research definition, a particular host or group of a rose and analysis, hosts. SAINT describes each of the original research definition, vulnerabilities it locates; references Common Vulnerabilities & Exposures (CVE), CERT advisories, and a rose essays and analysis, IAVA (Information Assurance Vulnerability Alerts); and describes ways to correct the vulnerabilities. Definition? In many cases, the SAINT scanner provides links to a rose for emily essays and analysis, patches or new software versions that will eliminate the detected vulnerabilities. SAINT offers heterogeneous scanning that identifies vulnerabilities across operating systems, desktop applications, network devices, Web applications, databases, and more. Retina's function is to scan all the hosts on a network and research, report on any vulnerability found. Retina Network Security Scanner is the for emily essays, most sophisticated vulnerability assessment solution on the market. Available as a standalone application or as part of the Retina CS unified vulnerability management platform, Retina Security Scanner enables you to efficiently identify IT exposures and prioritize remediation enterprise-wide. Original Research? Retina Network Security Scanner, the industry's most mature and effective vulnerability scanning technology, identifies the vulnerabilities ' missing patches, configuration weaknesses, and industry best practices - to papers, protect an organization's IT assets. Original Definition? Retina provides cost-effective security risk assessment, as well as enables security best practices, policy enforcement, and regulatory audits. Retina Network Security Scanner is used to proactively guard the network against intrusion by regularly testing the integrity of the biomimicry architecture thesis, network to uncover and fix potential security weaknesses. This award winning Security Scanner is designed to work in research conjunction with the existing systems, networks, security packages, databases, and user interfaces. 3.1 Nessus Vs OpenVAS. ' [5] Nessus is one of the most popular and capable vulnerability scanners, particularly for UNIX systems. It was initially free and open source, but they closed the source code in 2005 and removed the free "Registered Feed" version in 2008. It now costs $1,200 per year, which still beats many of its competitors whereas OpenVAS is a vulnerability scanner that was forked from the last free version of Nessus after that tool went proprietary in 2005. ' Nessus is constantly updated, with more than 46,000 plug-in but for OpenVAS the project seemed dead for biomimicry a while, but development has restarted. ' [6]Nessus plug in count is original, 42,493 whereas OpenVAS plug in strategies for college writing paragraphs count is 20,961 (49% of Nessus) A comparison test was conducted to compare results of scanning various servers (Windows and original definition, Linux/Unix) in research psychology production environment by both mentioned vulnerability scanners and to determine which vulnerabilities are missed by any of original articles definition, those tools in order to improve them. In this different servers are scanned in production environment, several switches, Wi-Fi access point and print servers. This testing environment included both Windows and Linux servers in various functions such as DNS servers, mail servers, web servers etc. These servers are all used on daily basis for academic and research purposes, hosting projects and other purposes. Questions To Answer In A Career? Both, OpenVAS and definition, Nessus, scans were executed in two similar configurations: 1. Default configuration with all plugins and papers on sports psychology, safe checks option enabled. 2. Research? Default configuration with all plugins enabled and safe checks option disabled. By default configuration initial Global Settings in OpenVAS Client, and initial Default Scan Policy in Nessus Client. Ness* => scan with safe checks option enabled. Ness =>scan without safe checks option enabled. OVAS* => OpenVAS scan with safe checks option enabled. OVAS => OpenVAS scan without safe checks option enable. Scanning results show that Nessus scanner still reports much more vulnerabilities than OpenVAS. Scan Percentage (all vuln.) Table: Testing efficiency. 3.2 Nmap Vs Nessus. As the writing sentences paragraphs essays, Open Source movement became popular, in network security field .Nmap was released in 1997 and Nessus released in original research 1998 both was open source. Nessus became proprietary in 2005 although for research papers on sports psychology personal use this product is still free. As per as use Nmap use is concern, it is very helpful in. ' Find the status of research definition, host (up or down) ' Find the research papers, open ports on a particular hosts. ' OS and its version on hosts (windows xp or Linux?) ' Presence of firewall. ' List of network services running on host. Nessus can do almost all which Nmap do, other than that Nessus can find CVE(Common Vulnerability Exposures) using its plug in. Original Articles Definition? Nessus should be used in writing sentences you have following security needs. ' Vulnerability Scanning and analysis. ' Sensitive data discovery. ' Open port scanner (like Nmap) ' Asset & Process profiling. Comparative view of the vulnerabilities detected by the scanners. Vulnerabilities Nmap Nessus. Improper error management ' ' Cross site Scripting ' ' Denial of Service ' ' Remote Code Execution ' Format String Identifier ' 3.3 NESSUS v/s RETINA v/s SAINT. The comparison between the three is done on research definition, the basis of four criteria:- 1. Mapping- Network mapping is a critical first step in any network security project. 2. Vulnerability analysis- The vulnerabilities these scanners can detect. 3. Data management- Large networks generate hundreds, if not thousands, of an english paper, records of network map and vulnerability information. Articles Definition? We evaluated how these tools let network managers sort, sift and report on all that data--and how hard they have to work to how to write an english paper, do it. 4. Performance- tools on original, large networks. The first task of for emily and analysis, a vulnerability analyzer is to discover what's on the network, and original articles definition, what it's running. In addition to discovering systems and services, we tested each product's ability to spot services running on biomimicry architecture thesis, nonstandard ports, and what OSes were running on each system. ' Nessus offers the original, best control, with six port-scanning techniques, from simple ping to SNMP discovery to actually trying a TCP connection. Cooking Research Papers? Nessus did a good job of identifying services on nonstandard ports, but as with many open-source products, it was inconsistent on quality control. ' Retina allows you to scan a host even if it doesn't respond to ping packets. Retina and original, SAINT did well in most cases, but both had major functional flaws. Retina reported hundreds of nonexistent TCP and UDP services. Retina identified all of the services we had stashed on nonstandard ports, but didn't follow through as it sometimes cannot detect the server running on the same ports in write an english a relay. ' SAINT generally did an research definition, excellent job, even finding some services that the others missed. An English? However, its internal database was confused by a DNS trap we laid for it, and one system couldn't be scanned or reported on by IP number or DNS name. Research Articles Definition? It also performed poorly on a Windows system with many simultaneous Web servers, missing not only the nonstandard ones, but one running on biomimicry architecture, port 80 as well. Original? SAINT failed to to answer in a research paper, flag any TCP/IP network services on nonstandard ports. The core of VA products is their engine. Each of the engines had problems both with false positives (a vulnerability reported which was not actually there) and false negatives (failing to report a known problem). ' Nessus (see screen, below) performed best overall. ' Retina, SAINT missed a lot of problems on all the servers and systems tested, but had a fairly low false positive rate. Data Management Data management is articles definition, vital, especially if you plan to scan your network more than once. None of tools stood out for their data management capabilities. ' SAINT does a poor job integrating the results of scans, their configuration and some repeatable way to run the same scan. ' Nessus itself doesn't have a data management tool. ' The Windows-based GUI on Retina doesn't have a lot of data management features, but it's one of the questions to answer in a career paper, best to give an overview on a system-by-system basis of the problems found in vulnerability analysis. Research Definition? Unfortunately, Retina only allows you to look at your results on a system-by-system basis. Product name SAINT NESSUS RETINA. Pricing Expensive Open-source Cost effective. Platform Linux/solaris Unix/windows Windows. Network mapping Name-to-address problems kept it from working well Could be more accurate Generally excellent when worked, but create problems sometimes. Vulnerability testing Missed some critical problems Good balance. Excellent unix coverage Didn't do well on non-standard ports. Data management Few tools to strategies paragraphs essays, help network admin Nice data management Excellent overview of the problems found. Reporting Weak reporting overall Good selection of reports Good report selection. performance Had to break up scans into pieces Scanned in appropriate length of time Fast, but did not always run to completion. This paper addressed ethical hacking from definition, several perspectives. Ethical hacking seems to research, be a new buzz word although the techniques and ideas of testing security by attacking an installation aren't new at all. But, with the original research, present poor security on the internet, ethical hacking may be the most effective way to strategies for college writing essays, plug security holes and prevent intrusions. On the other hand ethical hacking tools have also been notorious tools for crackers. Research Definition? So, at present the tactical objective is to stay one step ahead of the crackers. Ethical Hacking is a tool, which if properly utilized, can prove useful for understanding the weaknesses of a network and how they might be exploited. After all, ethical hacking will play a certain role in the security assessment offerings and how to paper, certainly has earned its place among other security assessments. In conclusion, it must be said that the ethical hacker is an educator who seeks to enlighten not only the customer, but also the security industry as a whole. In an definition, effort to accomplish this, let us welcome the Ethical Hacker into for emily essays and analysis, our ranks as a partner in this quest. [1] Vol. 2, Issue 12, December 2013. ETHICAL HACKING: A TECHNIQUE TO. ENHANCE INFORMATION SECURITY. Gurpreet K. Juneja. [2] OpenVAS. 'open vulnerability assessment system'. http://www.openvas.org/about.html and http://www.openvas.org/aboutsoftware. html. [Accessed on March 2014]. [3] Security Assessment via Penetration Testing: A. Network and research definition, System Administrator's Approach. Network and System Administration. Oslo University College. [4] http://www.darknet.org.uk/2006/09/brutus-password-cracker-download-brutus-aet2zip-aet2/ [Accessed on March 2104] [5] http://sectools.org/tag/vuln-scanners/ [Accessed on biomimicry thesis, April 2014] [6] http://rageweb.info/2011/04/13/openvas-vs-tenable-nessus/ [Accessed on original, April 2014] [7] BRUTUS - A Hybrid Detection Tool. P.Burge, J.Shawe-Taylor, Y.Moreau, H.Verrelst, C.Stoermann, P.Gosset. If this essay isn't quite what you're looking for, why not order your own custom Information Technology essay, dissertation or piece of coursework that answers your exact question? There are UK writers just like me on hand, waiting to help you. Each of us is qualified to a high level in our area of expertise, and we can write you a fully researched, fully referenced complete original answer to your essay question. Just complete our simple order form and you could have your customised Information Technology work in your email box, in as little as 3 hours. This Information Technology essay was submitted to us by a student in order to help you with your studies. This page has approximately words. If you use part of this page in your own work, you need to provide a citation, as follows: Essay UK, Ethical Hacking: Tools . Available from: <http://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/information-technology/ethical-hacking.php> [30-09-17]. If you are the original author of this content and research, no longer wish to have it published on our website then please click on the link below to request removal: Essay UK offers professional custom essay writing, dissertation writing and coursework writing service. 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