Entrepreneur essay topics

Version Date: January 19, 2013. This book contains definitions and essay, examples of more than sixty traditional rhetorical devices, (including rhetorical tropes and rhetorical figures) all of which can still be useful today to improve the effectiveness, clarity, and enjoyment of ross thesis princeton your writing. Note: This book was written in 1980, with some changes since. The devices presented are not in alphabetical order. To go directly to the discussion of a particular device, click on topics, the name below. If you know these already, go directly to of reading habit, the Self Test . To learn about my book, Writing with Clarity and entrepreneur topics, Style , see the Advertisement . Men must be taught as if you taught them not; And things unknown propos'd as things forgot. --Alexander Pope. Style in painting is the same as in writing, a power over materials, whether words or colors, by which conceptions or sentiments are conveyed. --Sir Joshua Reynolds. Whereas, if after some preparatory grounds of speech by their certain forms got into memory, they were led to the praxis thereof in some chosen short book lessoned thoroughly to them, they might then forthwith proceed to learn the substance of good things, and arts in due order, which would bring the whole language quickly into e myth business their power. --John Milton. While style is probably best learned through wide reading, comprehensive analysis and essay topics, thorough practice, much can be discovered about effective writing through the essay study of some of the common and traditional devices of style and arrangement. Essay! By learning, practicing, altering, and perfecting them, and by discipline education essay, testing their effects and nuances for yourself, these devices will help you to express yourself better and also teach you to see the interrelatedness of form and meaning, and essay, the psychology of spinal syntax, metaphor, and diction both in your own writing and in the works of others. The rhetorical devices presented here generally fall into three categories: those involving emphasis, association, clarification, and focus; those involving physical organization, transition, and disposition or arrangement; and those involving decoration and variety. Entrepreneur! Sometimes a given device or trope will fall mainly into a single category, as for example an expletive is used mostly for emphasis; but more often the effects of a particular device are multiple, and a single one may operate in all three categories. Parallelism, for instance, helps to order, clarify, emphasize, and beautify a thought. Occasionally a device has certain effects not readily identifiable or explainable, so I have not always been able to say why or when certain ones are good or should be used. My recommendation is to practice them all and develop that sense in yourself which will tell you when and how to essay corruption, use them. Lots of practice and experimentation are necessary before you will feel really comfortable with these devices, but too much practice in a single paper will most assuredly be disastrous. A journal or notebook is the best place to entrepreneur, experiment; when a device becomes second nature to corruption, you, and when it no longer appears false or affected--when indeed it becomes genuinely built in to your writing rather than added on--then it may make its formal appearance in a paper. Remember that rhetorical devices are aids to entrepreneur essay, writing and not ends of writing; you have no obligation to toss one into importance of reading habit essay every paragraph. Further, if used carelessly or excessively or too frequently, almost any one of these devices will probably seem affected, dull, awkward, or mechanical. Entrepreneur! But with a little care and skill, developed by practice, anyone can master them, and their use will add not just beauty and essay, emphasis and effectiveness to your writing, but a kind of freedom of thought and expression you never imagined possible. Practice these; try them out. Do not worry if they sometimes ring false at first. Play with them--learn to manipulate and control your words and ideas--and eventually you will master the art of aggressive instruction: keeping the reader focused with anaphora, emphasizing a point with an expletive, explaining to him with a metaphor or simile, organizing your work in essay his mind with metabasis, answering his queries with hypophora or procatalepsis, balancing possibilities with antithesis. You will also have gone a long way toward fulfilling the four requirements mentioned at the beginning: the devices of decoration and variety will help make your reader pay attention, the devices of organization and clarification will help him understand your points, the lahore papers devices of association and some like procatalepsis will help him believe you, and the devices of topics emphasis, association, beauty, and organization will help him remember. If you want a relatively inexpensive book that through a rather dramatic coincidence includes more than half of the devices described here (and none of the many others not described here), and covers many of the discipline same points, Amazon.com has Rhetorical Devices: A Handbook and Activities for Student Writers . For really serious students of rhetoric and style, I recommend Classical Rhetoric for entrepreneur topics, the Modern Student by Edward P. Essay! J. Corbett and Robert J. Connors, now in its fourth edition. It's the standard and covers aspects of style as well as the tropes. While you are reading over these rhetoric pages or one of the resources above, why not enjoy something made from a recipe on our sister site, VirtualTeaTime. Some useful sentential adverbs include the entrepreneur essay topics following: in fact, of course, indeed, I think, without doubt, to be sure, naturally, it seems, after all, for all that, in brief, on the whole, in short, to tell the plan truth, in entrepreneur essay topics any event, clearly, I suppose, I hope, at least, assuredly, certainly, remarkably, importantly, definitely. In formal writing, avoid these and similar colloquial emphases: you know, you see, huh, get this. And it goes without saying that you should avoid the unprintable expletives. 2. Asyndeton consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. In a list of items, asyndeton gives the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account: On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame. Discipline Essay! The lack of the "and" conjunction gives the impression that the list is perhaps not complete. Compare: She likes pickles, olives, raisins, dates, pretzels. She likes pickles, olives, raisins, dates, and essay, pretzels. Sometimes an asyndetic list is useful for the strong and direct climactic effect it has, much more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used. Compare: They spent the in anti corruption day wondering, searching, thinking, understanding. They spent the day wondering, searching, thinking, and understanding. In certain cases, the entrepreneur essay omission of a conjunction between short phrases gives the essay impression of synonymity to the phrases, or makes the latter phrase appear to be an afterthought or even a substitute for the former. Compare: He was a winner, a hero. He was a winner and essay topics, a hero. Notice also the degree of spontaneity granted in essay corruption some cases by asyndetic usage. "The moist, rich, fertile soil," appears more natural and spontaneous than "the moist, rich, and fertile soil." Generally, asyndeton offers the feeling of topics speed and concision to ross ohlendorf thesis princeton, lists and phrases and entrepreneur essay topics, clauses, but occasionally the effect cannot be so easily categorized. Consider the for intermediate "flavor" of these examples: If, as is the entrepreneur essay topics case, we feel responsibility, are ashamed, are frightened, at transgressing the voice of conscience, this implies that there is spinal One to whom we are responsible, before whom we are ashamed, whose claims upon us we fear. --John Henry Newman In books I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from essay books come forth the laws of in anti corruption peace. Topics! --Richard de Bury We certainly have within us the image of lahore past papers for intermediate some person, to whom our love and veneration look, in entrepreneur whose smile we find our happiness, for whom we yearn, towards whom we direct our pleadings, in whose anger we are troubled and waste away. --John Henry Newman 3. Polysyndeton is the use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause, and is thus structurally the opposite of asyndeton. Board Papers! The rhetorical effect of polysyndeton, however, often shares with that of asyndeton a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up. They read and studied and wrote and drilled. I laughed and played and talked and flunked. Use polysyndeton to show an entrepreneur essay attempt to encompass something complex: The water, like a witch's oils, / Burnt green, and blue, and white. Business Template! --S. Essay! T. Coleridge [He] pursues his way, / And swims, or sinks, or wades, or creeps, or flies. --John Milton The multiple conjunctions of the polysyndetic structure call attention to themselves and past, therefore add the effect of entrepreneur persistence or intensity or emphasis to the other effect of multiplicity. The repeated use of "nor" or "or" emphasizes alternatives; repeated use of "but" or "yet" stresses qualifications. Consider the effectiveness of these: And to set forth the right standard, and to train according to it, and to help forward all students towards it according to their various capacities, this I conceive to be the business of a University. --John Henry Newman We have not power, nor influence, nor money, nor authority; but a willingness to persevere, and the hope that we shall conquer soon. In a skilled hand, a shift from polysyndeton to asyndeton can be very impressive: Behold, the Lord maketh the template earth empty, and maketh it waste, and entrepreneur, turneth it upside down, and importance of reading habit, scattereth abroad the inhabitants thereof. And it shall be, as with the essay people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; as with the taker of usury, so with the giver of usury to him. --Isaiah 24:1-2 (KJV) Maximum effect tip: Polysyndeton is almost always the most effective when you link three or in some cases four elements. Modern readers do not expect even two conjunctions ("she wrote and phoned and faxed") linking three elements. (I've had my own prose "corrected" by business colleagues who had never encountered either asyndeton or polysyndeton before.) So, consider your audience before you create a lengthy list. If you're writing a humor piece, you can really have fun. When it was announced that the vending machines were going to have apples instead of Cheetos, and orange juice instead of habit Coke, the employees cried and bawled and entrepreneur essay topics, sobbed and complained and whined and anterior, protested. In a more important way, understatement should be used as a tool for modesty and tactfulness. Whenever you represent your own accomplishments, and often when you just describe your own position, an understatement of the facts will help you to avoid the charge of egotism on the one hand and of self-interested puffery on the other. We are always more pleased to discover a thing greater than promised rather than less than promised--or as Samuel Johnson put it, "It is more pleasing to entrepreneur essay topics, see smoke brightening into flame, than flame sinking into smoke." And it goes without saying that a person modest of his own talents wins our admiration more easily than an egotist. Thus an expert geologist might say, "Yes, I know a little about rocks," rather than, "Yes, I'm an lahore past for intermediate expert about rocks." (An even bigger expert might raise his eyebrows if he heard that.) Understatement is especially useful in dealing with a hostile audience or in entrepreneur essay topics disagreeing with someone, because the statement, while carrying the same point, is much less offensive. Compare: The second law of thermodynamics pretty much works against discipline education, the possibility of such an event. Topics! The second law of thermodynamics proves conclusively that that theory is utterly false and ridiculous. Remember, the goal of writing is to persuade, not to offend; once you insult or put off your opponent, objector, or disbeliever, you will never persuade him of anything, no matter how "obviously wrong" he is or how clearly right you are. Business! The degree and power of pride in entrepreneur topics the human heart must never be underestimated. Many people are unwilling to princeton, hear objections of any kind, and view disagreement as a sign of contempt for their intellect. Essay! The use of education understatement allows you to topics, show a kind of business respect for your reader's understanding. Entrepreneur Essay! You have to object to his belief, but you are sympathetic with his position and see how he might have come to believe it; therefore, you humbly offer to steer him right, or at least to offer what you think is a more accurate view. Even those who agree with you already will be more persuaded because the modest thinker is always preferable to the flaming bigot. Compare these statements and consider what effect each would have on you if you read them in essay a persuasive article: Anyone who says this water is safe to drink is either stupid or foolish. The stuff is poisoned with coliform bacteria. Don't those idiots know that? My opponents think this water is drinkable, but I'm not sure I would drink it. Entrepreneur! Perhaps they are not aware of the dangerous bacterial count . . . [and so on, explaining the basis for your opinion]. 5. Litotes , a particular form of understatement, is generated by habit essay, denying the opposite or contrary of the word which otherwise would be used. Depending on topics, the tone and importance of reading habit essay, context of the usage, litotes either retains the effect of understatement, or becomes an intensifying expression. Compare the difference between these statements: Heat waves are common in the summer. Heat waves are not rare in the summer. Johnson uses litotes to make a modest assertion, saying "not improperly" rather than "correctly" or "best": This kind of essay topics writing may be termed not improperly the comedy of in anti corruption romance. . . . Occasionally a litotic construction conveys an ironic sentiment by entrepreneur, its understatement: We saw him throw the buckets of paint at his canvas in disgust, and importance, the result did not perfectly represent his subject, Mrs. Jittery. Entrepreneur Topics! Usually, though, litotes intensifies the sentiment intended by the writer, and creates the essay in anti corruption effect of strong feelings moderately conveyed. Hitting that telephone pole certainly didn't do your car any good. If you can tell the fair one's mind, it will be no small proof of your art, for I dare say it is entrepreneur topics more than she herself can do. --Alexander Pope A figure lean or corpulent, tall or short, though deviating from beauty, may still have a certain union of the various parts, which may contribute to make them on essay in anti, the whole not unpleasing. --Sir Joshua Reynolds He who examines his own self will not long remain ignorant of his failings. Overall the flavors of the entrepreneur essay mushrooms, herbs, and ross ohlendorf princeton, spices combine to make the dish not at all disagreeable to the palate. But note that, as George Orwell points out in "Politics and the English Language," the "not un-" construction (for example, "not unwilling") should not be used indiscriminately. Rather, find an opposite quality which as a word is topics something other than the quality itself with an "un" attached. For instance, instead of, "We were not unvictorious," you could write, "We were not defeated," or "We did not fail to princeton, win," or something similar. Entrepreneur Essay Topics! 1234567 | Next Page.

ONE OF THE fundamental discoveries of Marxist historiography is that capitalism as a world system has developed unevenly, with the operations of the entrepreneur, “free market” determined by unplanned but (after analysis) “lawful” tendencies of accumulation of surplus value. With the rise of importance of reading, merchant capitalism, diverse modes of production with varying temporalities and entrepreneur essay “superstructural” effects have since then reconfigured the planet. In a new cartography, we find metropolitan centers subordinating peripheral territories and peoples. Ohlendorf Thesis Princeton. Colonialism and later finance-capitalism (imperialism) compressed time and space, sharply juxtaposing a variety of cultures linked to discrepant economies and polities, with the colonizing center dictating the entrepreneur topics, measure of modernity. After World War II, the accelerated migration of former colonial subjects into the metropoles, together with the refinement of technologies of communication and foreign investment, heightened the importance habit, spectacle of heterogeneous languages and mixed practices coexisting with the homogenizing scenarios of everyday life in topics, both center and margin. I consider postcolonialism as the cultural logic of this mixture and multilayering of forms taken as an essential ethos of anterior, late modernity, a logic distanced from its grounding in the unsynchronized interaction between colonial powers and essay colonized subalterns. The Indo-British critic Homi Bhabha, among others, has given ontological priority to ohlendorf princeton, the phenomenon of cultural difference between colonized and colonizer. The articulation of such difference in entrepreneur topics, “in-between” places produces hybridization of identities: “It is in the emergence of the interstices—the overlap and displacement of domains of anterior, difference—that the topics, intersubjective and collective experiences of nationness, community interest, or cultural value are negotiated” (Bhabha 1994, 1-2). Since (following Wallerstein 1991) capital ethnicizes peoples to promote labor segmentation, hybridity and other differential phenomena result. But for Bhabha, ambivalence arises from the poststructuralist “difference of writing” that informs any cultural performance. Such performances are found in certain privileged positionalities and experiences: “the history of postcolonial migration, the narratives of cultural and political diaspora, the major social displacements of peasants and aboriginal communities, the poetics of exile, the ohlendorf princeton, grim prose of political and economic refugees.” (5) Alex Callinicos calls Bhabha's approach “an idealist reduction of the topics, social to in anti, the semiotic.” (1995: 111) Indeterminacy, interruption of the signifying chain, aporia, endless displacements, translations, and negotiations characterize postcolonial literary theory and practice. Aijaz Ahmad (1996) points to the ambiguity of historical references in postcolonial discourse. In the discursive realm of floating signifiers and the language metaphor, the objective asymmetry of power and entrepreneur resources between hegemonic blocs and subaltern groups (racialized minorities in the metropoles and in the “third world”) disappears, as well as the attendant conflicts. Clearly this fixation on the manifestations of “unevenness” has undergone fetishization, divorced from essay in anti corruption, its concrete social determinations. What postcolonial theory (Bhabha's practice is replicated in Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Trinh Minh-ha, and others) seems to carry out in the name of individualist resistance is the valorization of reified immediacies—the symptomatic effects of colonization in entrepreneur, various forms of “orientalisms” and strategies of adaptations and plan cooptations—unconnected with the institutions and instrumentalities that subtend them. Viewed from the perspective of late-capitalist political economy, the figures of difference, fragmentation, liminality and diaspora, which Lawrence Grossberg (1996) considers the principles of identity for entrepreneur essay topics postmodern cultural studies (of which postcolonialism is a subspecies), are modes of regulating the social relations of production, in particular the division of global social labor and importance of reading its reproduction. But postcolonial critics not only remove these principles of identity from their circumstantial ground, from entrepreneur essay topics, their historical contexts; they also treat them as autonomous phenomena separate from the structures of cultural production and political legitimation in late modern societies. Lahore Board Papers. In the French philosopher Henri Lefebvre's words, “Each of these `moments' of the entrepreneur essay, real [i.e. hybridity, fragmentation, etc.], once isolated and hypostatized, becomes the negator of the other moments and then the negator of lahore for intermediate, itself. Limited and transposed into a form, the content becomes oppressive and destructive of its own reality.” (1968: 167) Postcolonialism is guilty of what it claims to repudiate: mystification and moralism. What postcolonialism ultimately tries to do is to reify certain transitory practices, styles, modalities of thought and expression that arise as attempts to resolve specific historical contradictions in the ongoing crisis of late, transnational capitalism. Cultural difference is the entrepreneur topics, single ambivalent result of colonialism that can be articulated in plural ways. Unevenness is no longer an abstract categorizing term, but an empirical one-sided description that affords the subaltern's newly-discovered agency some space for plan the display of libertarian astuteness. What the Marxist theoretician Georg Lukacs (1971) calls “ethical utopianism,” the lapse into subjectivism, afflicts postcolonial theory because it denies the internally complex determinants that are its condition of possibility. Essay. This mediation of the importance essay, hybrid, interstitial and borderline experience with the essay, concrete totality of the social formation is rejected as “essentialism” or “totalization” (San Juan 1998). Instead of inquiring further into the poststructuralist mystification of what David Harvey (1996) calls the contemporary “geography of difference” configured by a complex dialectic of flows and permanences, I would like to comment briefly on Edward Said's Culture and essay in anti corruption Imperialism (1994), in particular the refusal of the historical-materialist framework and its subsequent lapse into entrepreneur essay topics “ethical utopianism.” Given his influential work Orientalism (1978), Said deserves to be called the originator and inspiring patron-saint of postcolonial theory and ross ohlendorf thesis princeton discourse. References to him abound in the writings of topics, Spivak, Bhabha, Mohanty, and others. The anti-Marxism of postcolonial theory may be attributed partly to Said's eclecticism, his belief that American left criticism is marginal, and his distorted if not wholly false understanding of lahore board past papers, Marxism based on doctrinaire anticommunism and the model of “actually existing socialism” during the Cold War. It is somewhat surprising that the British scholar Francis Mulhern would include in a recent anthology Said's essay on entrepreneur essay Jane Austen as an example of Marxist literary criticism, even though its inferred “moral geography” supposedly “reinserts the humane traditions of English culture in their ambiguous role in the unfolding of Britain's colonial history.” (1992: 97) To be sure, Said has contributed to the salutary revisions of the vulgar or dogmatic Marxism that Fredric Jameson, Alan Wald, Terry Eagleton and habit essay others have criticized. But Said is certainly not revitalizing historical materialism for revolutionary socialist goals. Many other critics, especially Aijaz Ahmad, have pointed out the weaknesses and lacunae in essay, Said's interpretation and rather opportunistic use of classical Marxism. I think this opportunistic quoting, excerpting and board papers for intermediate tokenizing of entrepreneur essay topics, Marxist thinkers by postcolonial orthodoxy may explain its reputed radicalism. This putative solidarity, according to fellow-travellers, gives postcolonial criticism a sanction to anterior, condemn Marxism's systemic reductionism and other excesses (usually, of course, attributed to ex-Soviet Union dogmatism) under the guise of sympathy and knowledgeability about entrepreneur essay it. I am reminded of a former colleague who, in the sixties, always warned me to beware of Marxists because he had been a Trotskyist in the forties. The sociologist Bryan Turner also reminds us of Said's adoption of a deconstructive strategy derived from Michel Foucault and Martin Heidegger, whose anti-Marxism needs no elaboration. Not only romantic anarchism but a hermeneutic subjectivism whose textualism confuses “the materiality of social relations with an of reading habit essay, alleged materiality of the context” has generated in essay topics, Said's early work a “vicious solipsism.” (Turner 1994: 7) Alluding to essay in anti corruption, comments of Maxime Rodinson and Sadek Jalal el-Azm, Samir Amin (1989) has also remarked on Said's provincialism and its inability to explain the historical causality of Eurocentric prejudice. In Culture and Imperialism , Said uses Gramsci and C.L.R. James, among others in the Marxist tradition, to give an aura of topics, leftism to his text. Lahore Papers. Gramsci is referred to in connection with an entrepreneur essay topics, intellectual vocation, with Yeats' poetry, with the Indian Subaltern Studies. But it is in the way Said appropriates and refunctions Gramsci's notion of hegemony that is symptomatic of a syncretizing, cooptative project. Said first demarcates Gramsci from spinal listhesis, Lukacs; the essay, latter belongs to the Hegelian tradition, Gramsci to the “Vichian, Crocean departure from it” (49) so that Lukacs attends more to temporality, while Gramsci to social history and actuality grasped in geographical terms. This is said to be evidenced by education Gramsci's use of entrepreneur essay, such words as “terrain,” “territory, “ blocks” and “region,” in his essay Some Aspects of the past, Southern Question. But obviously Gramsci's concept of space is entrepreneur essay topics precisely historicized to those places in Southern Italy left out of the main capitalist trend of industrialization because of the stranglehold of the landlord class and plan its traditional intellectuals like Croce. In my view, Gramsci's conceptualization of topography is historical, not just temporal; the meridional environment is such because of the political subordination of the entrepreneur, agrarian economy to the financial power of the Italian bourgeoisie in the North, not because of mere cultural backwardness. The problem Gramsci is grappling with in that text is the workerist sectarianism of the Italian socialist party; he is proposing a united-front policy in of reading essay, which the proletariat will demonstrate its hegemonic capacity by essay incorporating the demands and needs of the ross ohlendorf princeton, peasantry into its national-popular program of action. The prerequisite for entrepreneur this is the recognition of the historically uneven development of the Italian social formation. In short, profoundly conscious of uneven capitalist development, Gramsci posits the task of Marxist intellectuals as a systematic attempt to propagate the philosophy of praxis, Marxism, on business template the terrain where cosmopolitan bourgeois ideas supported by the Catholic Church are dominant. The organic intellectual of the proletariat would assume this pedagogical and agitational role, helping to essay, integrate the Italian South with the national-popular agenda of the leading class, the proletariat. Analogies to dependency theory or to spinal listhesis, Wallerstein's world-system paradigm of center-periphery may not be quite appropriate. Instead of historicizing the problematic of geopolitical discordance, Said hypostatizes it and, contrary to entrepreneur essay, his initial proposition, focuses on the temporal (in effect, existential) dimension of cultural progress. But what is revealing is Said's enlargement of the intellectual's role which, in importance habit essay, retrospect, anticipates that reserved for the postcolonial mediator: Gramsci also understands that in the extended time span during which the coral-like formation of a culture occurs, one needs “breaks of an organic kind.” Gobetti represents one such break, a fissure that opened up within the cultural structures that supported and occluded the north-south discrepancy for so long in Italian history. (1993: 50) What distinguishes Gramsci's intellectuals is that they are class-rooted and universalizing in their motivation, whereas the postcolonial intellectual resembles more the declassed intellectual of the entrepreneur topics, metropolitan literary circles. The “Gobetti factor,” that is, the intellectual who (in Said's words) “furnishes the ross ohlendorf thesis princeton, link between disparate, apparently autonomous regions of human history,” is the model of the postcolonial, diasporic intellectual who will link comparative literature and imperial geography, harmonizing alterities and entrepreneur flattening out contradictions. What has happened here is typical of Said's methodology. The vocation of the postcolonial intellectual as middleman-facilitator of colonized subalterns and Western imperial power is thus legitimized by the illicit subsumption, if not perversion, of Gramsci's idea of how partisan Marxist intellectuals can work to promote the worker-peasant alliance within an all-encompassing program of socialist transformation. Said's circumstantial and secular intelligence ascribes a “spatial consciousness” to Gramsci's reading of the essay corruption, “Southern question” in order to “reinterpret the Western cultural archive as if fractured geographically by the activated imperial divide.” (50) But instead of calling for topics a united front of the Western proletariat and the “peasantry” of the “third world,” Said reverts to an academic exercise in contrapuntal reading of the Western cultural archive. In short, Gramsci's insight can rationalize the academic business of interpreting English novels in the context of “the specific history of colonization, resistance, and finally native nationalism,” without questioning the ideological and political framework of the expansive, reformist imperial archive. Said's “solidarity” with Marxism consists then in selective deployment of concepts to advance a deconstructive brief. Corruption. In Orientalism, for example, he cites Gramsci's distinction between civil and political society in topics, which culture, located in civil society, is taken as the chief instrument for anterior spinal inducing consent and therefore hegemony. The state disappears since hegemony becomes culturalized. Culture divorced from political economy offers then the entrepreneur essay topics, framework of intelligibility for understanding the social division of labor, property relations, and the power structure. Injustice and exploitation are thus occluded. In The World, the Text, and the Criti c, Said converts Gramsci into importance habit essay a philosophical idealist, a pluralist who assigns culture to “some large intellectual endeavor—systems and currents of thought—connected in complex ways to doing things, to entrepreneur topics, accomplishing certain things, to force, to social class and ohlendorf economic production, to essay, diffusing ideas, values, and world pictures.” (1983: 170) Gramsci, for Said, privileges intellectual elaboration as “the central cultural activity,” as “the material making a society a society.” (171) The strength of Western culture, based on “its variety, its heterogeneous plurality,” accounts for “the strength of the modern Western State.” (171) In effect, Said has made Gramsci a disciple of Croce and ross thesis Hegel. I argue that for Gramsci hegemony cannot be reduced to the domain of culture or superstructure that guarantees the entrepreneur essay, reproduction of the social relations, the state, and everything else. All relations of social forces are conditioned by the material contradictions in the social formation. The hegemonic apparatus of state plus civil society in importance of reading, Gramsci should be grasped within a framework of totality, as rendered by the French scholar Christine Buci-Glucksmann: the hegemonic apparatus turns out to be a constitutive part of the entrepreneur topics, relations of production as “ideological social” relations, in the distinction made by Lenin. Practical ideologies and modes of living and education feeling have their roots in the economic base: the relation between civilta and production is entrepreneur a pivotal point in Gramsci's whole problematic of thesis, capitalism, and of socialism too. (1980: 89) In addition, for Gramsci, civil society cannot be fully grasped separate from its internal relations with political society, since civil society involves the essay, linkage between class relations in the economy and the explicitly political aspect of the primary agent of coercion, the state. The dual perspective of consent/coercion unites political and civil societies in Gramsci's extended or integral state, “the unified site in which Western bourgeois classes have established their social power as `hegemony protected by corruption the armour of coercion.'” (Rupert 1993: 79) Proletarian counterhegemony then takes place in the integral state, construed by Gramsci as “the entire complex of practical and theoretical activities with which the ruling class not only justifies and maintains its dominance, but manages to win the active consent of those over whom it rules.” (Gramsci 1971: 244) Given this misreading of Gramsci, it is no wonder that Said is unable, in Orientalism, to propose alternatives to the hegemonic discourse of Orientalism . Dennis Porter comments: “because [Said] overlooks the potential contradiction between discourse theory and Gramscian hegemony, he fails to historicize adequately the texts he cites and summarizes, finding always the same triumphant discourse where several are frequently in conflict.” (1994: 160) This leads us to Said's postcolonial eclecticism, which hardens into an orthodoxy as the Bandung “third worldism” of the sixties and dependency liberalism of the seventies mutates into the neoconservative postmodernism of the eighties and nineties. In a critique of mainstream postcolonial theory, Arif Dirlik noted the fetishism of hybridity and the antifoundationalist rejection of history by entrepreneur Bhabha and others. Postcolonialism's complicity with capitalist reification and commodity-fetishism has also been examined by Callinicos, Parry and others. Said (1994) endorses Bhabha's universalizing conception of the hybridity of all cultures, but the celebration of multiplicity, difference and syncretism at the end of Culture and Imperialism still occurs within the field of a pluralist global market which can tolerate Said's ethical protest. Despite this moralizing, Dirlik argues, Said's lack of a dialectical method explains why he has failed to take into account the “Oriental's participation in the unfolding of the discourse of the Orient” (1997: 118; see also Chen Xiaomei 1994), and heed the e myth plan template, imperative of historicizing capitalist modernity and essay topics its hegemonic reifying of non-Western cultures. An admirer of Said, Frederick Buell in his book National Culture and the New Global System aptly describes Said's stance: “.. . Said tries to bridge both positions [that of Sara Suleri and Benita Parry], advancing, for example, his vision of a vehemently antinationalist, yet ardently anti-imperialist, Fanon for the present era, and eschewing a `politics of blame,' advocating compassion, and seeking to forge `new alignments. across borders, types, nations, and essences' at the same time as he writes an extended indictment of imperial culture.” (1994: 237) Fanon is refunctioned or rehabilitated to legitimize an discipline essay, academic regime of compromise and liberal multiculturalism—a perfect description of the middleman negotiator. On the other hand, Mas'ud Zavarzadeh locates Said's pragmatic neohumanism in the horizon of post-al theory, “a utopian theory of entrepreneurial individuality and agency,. . . a voluntarism unburdened by topics history.” (1995: 7) One evidence that points to Said's limitation as marked by the refusal of a materialist, that is, Marxist theorization of history may be discerned in his treatment of C.L.R. James. Spinal. For Said, James' achievement in entrepreneur, The Black Jacobins is comparable to that of the petty-bourgeois nationalist George Antonius, author of The Arab Awakening: Both allegedly stood within the fold of the Western cultural tradition, “however much they articulate the adversarial experience of colonial and/or non-Western peoples.” (248) In effect, both Antonius and James, like Ranajit Guha, resemble Said or are mirror-images of Said's postcolonial persona. James has metamorphosed into a model of the assimilationist immigrant. According to Said, James “saw the central pattern of politics and history in linear terms . . . and his basic metaphor is that of a voyage taken by lahore past ideas and people; those who were slaves and subservient classes could first become the immigrants and then the principal intellectuals of a diverse new society.” (253) The reason why postcolonial thinking like Said's cannot go beyond the limits of a liberal mentality arises from the peculiar condition of diasporic intellectuals, the political conjuncture of the United States in the eighties and nineties, and the global power alignment. Peter Gran, Arif Dirlik, Ella Shohat, Ann McClintock and others have discussed the historical conjunctures—in Said's case, the Palestinian struggle within the Cold War framework, the poststructuralist trend, and entrepreneur essay so on—that partly explain the rise of a conservative postcolonial consensus. The general sociohistorical template of board papers for intermediate, “uneven and combined development” has been fully articulated by essay topics Samir Amin (1977), Michael Löwy (1981) and Neil Smith (1984), a materialist cognitive mapping theoretically light years removed from Nietzschean genealogy, which is Said's preferred epistemological mode of inquiry (in spite of the uneasy marriage between Foucault's discourse theory and a version of ross ohlendorf thesis princeton, Gramsci's hegemony). (Porter 1994) This problematic eschews a dialectical approach to the fundamental condition of late modernity: reification (centered on commodity-fetishism and the circulation of essay topics, exchange values) on a global scale. Ultimately, Said's muted or nuanced anti-Marxism is premised on the choice of a libertarian or “liberationist” perspective. Essay Corruption. Nicos Poulantzas (1978) and Alex Callinicos (1989) have already exposed the antinomies and compromising paradoxes of this anarchist illusion. In this perspective, power/desire determines the topics, trajectory of societies; any claim to knowledge and truth —truth is, for Said, “a function of learned judgment,” of education essay, institutionalized discourses—can only be a form of ideological maneuver, history or any of the “grand metanarratives” derived from the Enlightenment suspected as a totalizing blackmail. While Said's ambition to liberate Europe's silent Others from the imperial will-to-knowledge/power, to give them voice or the right of representation and signification, is exceptional vis-a-vis Baudrillard's cynicism and the general nihilism of postmodernist gurus, this attempt undercuts itself by entrepreneur essay topics revindicating a liberal brand of past, humanism on which imperial capital accumulation relies for its aesthetic and ethical legitimation. This middleman position stems from entrepreneur essay topics, a revolt against the subordination of use-value to exchange value and the failure to grasp the contradictions inherent in the system of commodity production, in past for intermediate, the logic of capitalism as such (Haug 1986). But the key to this retrograde strategy of humanist recuperation lies in the absence in Said's thinking of the category of a differentiated and dynamic totality that underlies historical development, the principle of a Marxist critique of imperialism. This totality, in Mezsaros's words, is entrepreneur essay “a structured and historically determined overall complex” (1983: 480) embodied in the manifold mediations and transitions of concrete life. Distinctions can be meaningful only within an integral unity, a complex of internal relations in historical motion. In Marxist thought, Harvey explains, “Difference is given in this scheme of things by the perspective on the totality, not by supposing some clearly defined, isolated entity that is a totality in itself”—an ontological shift that sets the historical-materialist optic apart from poststructuralist textualism and its fetishism of the local and heterogeneous, with its antiessentialist and antifoundationalist retreat into the obscurantism of Lacanian psychology. Despite Said's stress on worldliness and the secular density of experience, it is striking that he has no dialectical grasp of the structure of a concrete multilayered totality such as finance capital, imperialism in its several stages, and so on. Said aims for “emancipation” and “enlightenment” but confesses that “the transnational capitalism of global finance” is “relatively irrational and very difficult to anterior listhesis, comprehend” (1994: 24)—a difficulty that Said mystifies the more by judging it irrational. It seems to me that Mary Louise Pratt has correctly put a finger on the symptomatic absence in Said of any critique of neocolonialism , since this historical phenomenon marks the limits of postcolonial theory. Entrepreneur Essay. Pratt argues: “This difference in chronology with respect to colonization and decolonization seems to be one of the main reasons the Americas have remained almost entirely off the map of the colonial discourse movement and colonial studies in general.” (1994: 4) U.S. neocolonialism is the “missing link” in Said's fugal charting of modern imperialism. Remarkable too, in this context, is the absence of references to the struggles of the “internal colonies” of the spinal, United States, in particular, the Puerto Rican dilemma, the Hawaii sovereignty struggle, and raging conflicts over Affirmative Action and “undocumented aliens,” among others. I don't have to dilate on the fact that postcolonial criticism has been unable to comprehend or pay attention to the current crises in Africa, in East Timor, Myanmar, Peru and other societies suffering from entrepreneur essay, neocolonial structures. The inability to comprehend neocolonialism results, I think, from the corruption, failure to comprehend uneven and combined development, itself due to an idealist metaphysics that over-valorizes the intervention of the entrepreneur essay topics, diasporic, postcolonial intellectual in political struggle. This intellectualism or theoreticism, if you like, arrogates all agency to borderland personalities like Said, Bhabha, Trinh, Spivak and others who seek to negotiate the zone between the bourgeoise-comprador nationalism of neocolonized nation-states and the cosmopolitan “high culture” circuit of academic celebrities. Hence, despite the mention of Cabral or Fanon, Said discounts organized mass political struggles as the other pole of plan template, a dialectical totality. He has nothing to say about the praxis of revolutionary transformation, about cultural literacy (emphasized by Paulo Freire) and all those “subjective factors” that Michael Löwy believes are necessary to entrepreneur essay, thwart bureaucratic despotism in postcapitalist societies: “the participatory character of the revolutionary process, the democratic outlook of the socialist vanguard, the degree of proletarian self-activity and popular self-organization.” (Löwy 1981: 230) With the focus on contrapuntal flux, hybrid positionalities, and directionless or aleatory ambivalence, the postcolonial intellectuals' sophisticated and lahore board past erudite opposition to topics, global capital can only serve as a vehicle for soothing the anguish of the oppressed and promising a utopia of “cultural compassion.” Ahmad, Aijaz. 1992. Essay. In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures . London: Verso. ----. 1995. “Post-Colonialism: What's In A Name?” In Late Imperial Culture . Edited by Roman de la Campa, E.Ann Kaplan, and Michael Sprinker. London: Verso. Amin, Samir. 1977. Imperialism and Unequal Development . New York: Monthly Review Press. ------. 1989. Eurocentrism . New York: Monthly Review Press. Bhabha, Homi. 1994. Entrepreneur. The Location of Culture . New York: Routledge. Buci-Glucksmann, Christine. 1980. Gramsci and anterior spinal the State. London: Lawrence and Wishart. Buell, Frederick. 1994. National Culture and the New Global System . Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press. Callinicos, Alex. 1995. “Wonders Taken for entrepreneur essay Signs: Homi Bhabha's Postcolonialism.” In Post-Ality: Marxism and Postmodernism. Edited by Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Teresa Ebert, and Donald Morton. Washington, DC: Maisonneuve Press. ----. 1989. Importance Of Reading Habit. Against Postmodernism. New York: St. Entrepreneur Essay. Martins Press. Chen Xiaomei. 1994. Occidentalism: Theory of Counter-Discourse in Post-Mao China . New York: Oxford University Press. Dirlik, Arif. 1997. The Postcolonial Aura . Boulder: Westview Press. Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers. Gran, Peter. 1997. “Subaltern Studies as Praxis in papers, India and in the United States.” Unpublished draft. Grossberg, Lawrence. 1996. “Identity and Cultural Studies: Is That All There Is?” In Questions of essay topics, Cultural Identity . Edited by Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay. London: Sage Publishers. Harvey, David. 1996. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference . Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell. Haug, W.F. 1986. Spinal. Critique of Commodity Aesthetic s. Minneapolis: University of topics, Minnesota Press. Lefebvre, Henri. 1968. Dialectical Materialism. Tr. by John Sturrock. In Anti Corruption. London: Jonathan Cape. Lukacs, Georg. Entrepreneur Topics. 1971. History and Class Consciousness . Tr. by Rodney Livingston. London: Merlin Press. Meszaros, Istvan. 1983. “Totality.” In A Dictionary of Marxist Thought. Ed. Essay. Tom Bottomore. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Mulhern, Francis, ed. Entrepreneur. 191992. Contemporary Marxist Literary Criticism. London: Longman. Porter, Dennis. 1994. “Orientalism and its Problems.” In Colonial Discourse and of reading essay Post-Colonial Theory . Ed. Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York: Columbia University Press. Poulantzas, Nicos. 1978. Essay Topics. State, Power, Socialism . London: Verso. Pratt, Mary Louise. Papers. 1994. “Comment on Edward Said's Culture and Imperialism.” Social Text 39: 2-10. Rupert, Mark. 1993. “Alienation, Capitalism and entrepreneur topics the Inter-State System: Towards a Marxian/Gramscian Critique.” In Gramsci, Historical Materialism and International Relations. Ed. Stephen Gill. New York: Cambridge University Press. Said, Edward. 1979. Orientalism . New York: Vintage Books. ----. 1983. The World, the Text, and the Critic. ----. 1994. Culture and Imperialism . New York: Alfred Knopf. San Juan, E. 1998. Beyond Postcolonial Theory . New York: St. Martins Press. Smith, Neil. 1984. Uneven Development . New York: Basil Blackwell. Turner, Bryan S. 1992. Plan. Orientalism, Postmodernism and Globalism. New York: Routledge. Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1991. “The Construction of Peoplehood: Racism, Nationalism, Ethnicity.” In Race, Nation, Class by Etienne Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein. New York: Verso. Zavarzadeh, Mas'ud. 1995. “Postality: The (Dis)simulation of essay topics, Cypercapitalism.” In Post-Ality: Marxism and Postmodernism . Ed. Mas'ud Zavarzadeh, Teresa Ebert and essay Donald Morton. Washington DC: Maisonneuve Press. ATC 77, November-December 1998. The September/October 2017 Against the Current (#190) features: Detroit from the '67 Rebellion to Today: Jordan T. Camp on the uprising's legacy, Dan Georgakas on Herb Boyd's Black Detroit , Michele Gibbs in memory of Mike Hamlin Dianne Feeley on The UAW's Defeat at essay topics, Nissan When the e myth business plan, USA entered World War I by Allen Ruff The Message of Charlottesville by Michael Principe Mourn Liu Xiaobo, Defend Liu Xia! by Au Loong-yu The War is at Home from ATC's Editors Mike Gonzalez on What Went Wrong in Nicaragua. FOR NEW SUBSCRIBERS: $25 one year ($30 overseas), $45 two years. How does ecosocialist politics differ from traditional socialist and labor politics? How do we ensure the generalized satisfaction of needs for all, including the equalization of living standards between the industrialized nations and the rest of the world, if humanity can no longer afford to keep expanding production based on energy from fossil fuels? In 2014 Solidarity’s Ecosocialist Working Group began a project to discuss these and related questions. We publish three essays here as the beginning of entrepreneur essay topics, a working paper exchanging ideas, proposals, and possible strategic frameworks. We also invite your comments. 7012 Michigan Ave. Detroit, MI 48210. Solidarity depends on the generous contributions of its friends and allies to continue its work. Please consider giving!