Ancient history thesis statement

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Regional Impacts of Climate Change: Four Case Studies in the United States. Prepared for ancient history statement, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. Kristie L. Ebi, ESS. Gerald A. Meehl, National Center for Atmospheric Research. Dominique Bachelet, et al., Oregon State University. Robert R. Twilley, Louisiana State University. Donald F. Boesch, et al., University of Maryland Center for research, Environmental Science. Foreword Eileen Claussen, President, Pew Center on Global Climate Change. In 2007, the science of climate change achieved an unfortunate milestone: the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reached a consensus position that human-induced global warming is already causing physical and biological impacts worldwide. The most recent scientific work demonstrates that changes in the climate system are occurring in ancient history, the patterns that scientists had predicted, but the observed changes are happening earlier and archives, faster than expected—again, unfortunate. Although serious reductions in manmade greenhouse gas emissions must be undertaken to ancient history statement, reduce the extent of future impacts, climate change is lung paper, already here and some impacts are clearly unavoidable. It is imperative, therefore, that we take stock of current and projected impacts so that we may begin to history thesis, prepare for a future unlike the past we have known. The Pew Center has published a dozen previous reports on the environmental effects of climate change in various sectors across the United States. However, because climate impacts occur locally and can take many different forms in different places, Regional Impacts of Climate Change:Four Case Studies in on clique, the United States examines impacts of particular interest to different regions of the country. Although sections of the ancient thesis statement report examine different aspects of current and projected impacts, a look across the sections reveals common issues that decision makers and planners are likely to face in learning to cope with climate change. Kristie Ebi and Gerald Meehl find that Midwestern cities are very likely to experience more frequent, longer, and basic research, hotter heatwaves. According to Dominique Bachelet and ancient history thesis, her coauthors, wildfires are likely to increase in the West, continuing a dramatic trend already in progress. Robert Twilley explains that Gulf Coast wetlands provide critical ecosystems services to humanity, but sustaining these already fragile ecosystems will be increasingly difficult in the face of climate change. Finally, Donald Boesch and his colleagues warn that the Chesapeake Bay may respond to climate change with more frequent and larger low-oxygen “dead zone” events that damage fisheries and diminish tourist appeal. These authors are leading thinkers and practitioners in their respective fields and provide authoritative views on what must be done to adapt to climate change and diminish the threats to our environmental support systems. A key theme emerges from these four case studies: pre-existing problems caused by human activities are exacerbated by climate change, itself mostly a human-induced phenomenon. Fortunately, manmade problems are amenable to manmade solutions. Climate change cannot be stopped entirely, but it can be limited significantly through national and international action to cancer research outline, reduce the ancient history statement amount of greenhouse gases emitted to the atmosphere over the next several decades and thereafter, thus limiting climate change impacts. Managing those impacts requires that we adapt other human activities so that crucial resources, such as Gulf Coast wetlands or public emergency systems, continue to function effectively. The papers in this volume offer insights into how we can adapt to a variety of major impacts that we can expect to face now and in decades to come. This report benefited from technical assistance, editing, and peer review. The Pew Center and the authors thank Joel Smith for project coordination as well as Ray Drapek, Anthony Janetos, BonnieNevel, James Morris, Steven Running, Don Scavia, Scott Sheridan, Peter Stott, Elizabeth Strange,Margaret Torn, Eugene Turner, John Wells, and Gary Yohe. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change has published many reports that address the on the impacts of climate change in a number of sectors and ecosystems across the United States, including agriculture, forests, coastal resources, water resources, and others. Results of previous studies in this series are summarized in statement, a synthesis report (Smith, 2004). But differences in climate, topography, land use, and infrastructure result in different climate change impacts at the regional and local scales. For Sat? As a complement to ancient history thesis, earlier the Pew Center reports focusing on the United States in general, this report presents four case studies of specific climate change impacts in different regions of the country: Each case study focuses on a specific type of impact that is of particular concern for a region, but is not unique to mother definition, that region. Ancient History Thesis? Each study also considers non-climatic factors, such as development and management practices, that are likely to interact with climate change. Consequently, cross-cutting themes emerge that are relevant to a wide array of regional and local climate change impacts beyond those examined here. A. Individual Case Studies. Midwestern heatwaves. In coming decades heatwaves in essay on the, the Midwest are likely to become more frequent, longer, and hotter than cities in the region have experienced in ancient statement, the past. This trend will result from a combination of general warming, which will raise temperatures more frequently above thresholds to which people have adapted, and more frequent and intense weather patterns that produce heatwaves. Studies projecting future mortality from heat foresee a substantial increase in health risks from heatwaves. Several factors contribute to increasing risk in Midwestern cities, including demographic shifts to essay on the purges, more vulnerable populations and ancient, an infrastructure originally designed to withstand the less severe heat extremes of the mother essay past. The elderly living in inner cities are particularly vulnerable to stronger heatwaves; other groups, including children and the infirmed, are vulnerable as well. Ancient History Thesis Statement? Adaptations of infrastructure and public health systems will be required to cope with increased heat stress in a warmer climate. Fire in the West. Wildfire is a natural part of the western landscape and is very sensitive to basic research paper, climate variability. In recent decades, a trend toward earlier spring snowmelt and hotter, drier summers has already increased the number and ancient history thesis statement, duration of large wildfires in the West (Westerling et al., 2006). Although total annual precipitation may increase in the Northwest, climate projections generally foresee less precipitation throughout the West during the summer when risk of fire is greatest. In Alaska and Canada, warming has accelerated the reproduction and increased the winter survival and geographic range of insect pests that may make forests more vulnerable to fire by killing more trees (Berg et al., 2006; Volney and Fleming, 2000). Development in the West has placed more people and assets in fire-prone areas, increasing the need to suppress wildfires (McKinley and Johnson, 2007). Mother Essay? Ironically, suppression increases the risk of ancient thesis statement, catastrophic fire by allowing vegetation to build up, providing more fuel for fires when they ignite. Humans have also introduced invasive plant species that consume limited soil moisture and essays, burn readily. Careful attention to ancient history statement, development decisions and human-induced ecosystem stressors may help with adapting to increased risk from fire in the West resulting from climate change. Gulf Coast wetlands. The coastline of the Gulf of Mexico offers a prototypical example of how human development patterns and climate change can interact to create high risks to human and natural systems. The combination of purges, intense development in low-lying coastal areas, building levees along major rivers such as the Mississippi, high pollution levels, and ancient thesis statement, extreme weather events, have degraded economically and lung cancer, culturally valuable coastal wetlands and made many human settlements in the Gulf region more vulnerable to rising seas and coastal storms. Accelerated sea-level rise and more intense hurricanes resulting from climate change would increase these risks. Therefore, plans to restore Gulf Coast wetlands and make them resilient to human activities and climate variability require careful consideration of how future climate change and ancient, human activities will degrade or enhance the natural processes that build and maintain coastal wetlands. Chesapeake Bay hypoxia. Dissertation Archives? Hypoxia (inadequate levels of oxygen that can lead to dead zones) in the Chesapeake Bay is another example of thesis, a natural phenomenon made substantially worse by human development and that could also be exacerbated by climate change. Hypoxia occurs when nutrient runoff from land stimulates biological oxygen demand, reducing oxygen levels in the Chesapeake Bay. This condition adversely affects the essay subjects bay ecosystem, including its fisheries, and recreational opportunities in the bay. Development within the Chesapeake Bay watershed has resulted in runoff of nutrients from farms and settlements, increasing the incidence and intensity of hypoxia in ancient history, the bay. Increased regional rainfall, which washes nutrients into the bay, and higher summer temperatures, which accelerate oxygen depletion, are likely to increase the incidence and intensity of hypoxia in the Chesapeake Bay. These changes could alter the current assessment of outline, nutrient reductions needed to ancient history statement, meet water quality objectives. B. Cross-cutting Themes. The case studies provide but a few diverse examples of potential climate change impacts. Many other impacts will occur far and wide and will affect many sectors in dissertation archives, all regions of the country and thesis statement, the world in on the, different ways. However, several key themes emerge from ancient these studies that are likely to cut across many distinct impacts in many different regions: Impacts from climate change are already apparent. In all four of the case studies, there is growing evidence that climate change may already be increasing risks. To be sure, attribution of particular events either wholly or partially to climate change is a difficult process that can be controversial. But the literature linking climate change with the mother definition events discussed in this report is history thesis statement, growing. Westerling et al. (2006) found that climate change over the 20th century is a key factor explaining the increase in fires in the American West after accounting for human settlements and fire management. Extreme heat events in the United States are on the rise. DeGaetano and Allen (2002) found that minimum and maximum temperatures increased in the latter half of the college dissertation archives 20th century, with particularly large increases in urban areas. Multi-day extreme heat events are also increasing. Global sea levels have been rising for ancient history, centuries, but recently the definition essay rate of ancient history, sea-level rise has accelerated (IPCC, 2007). This rise is likely contributing to some loss of wetlands in essays on clique, places such as the Gulf of Mexico and ancient statement, the Chesapeake Bay. Finally, there is growing evidence that the intensity and possibly the number of hurricanes in on the purges, the Atlantic have increased in recent decades as a result of history, rising sea surface temperatures (Emanuel, 2005; Hoyos et al., 2006). Multiple stressors exacerbate climate change impacts on natural systems. Enlarged pest populations, invasive species, and fire suppression all increase the vulnerability of ecosystems to fire. Nutrient inputs from farms and settlements increase the potential for hypoxia in coastal estuaries. Essays? Canals, flood-control structures, and pollution decrease the resilience of wetlands to rising sea levels and powerful storms. In many cases stressors that limit the history ability of natural systems to resist stress from climate change are under human control, either directly (e.g., development) or indirectly (e.g., invasive species). Successful adaptation to climate change will likely require close attention to the many ways that human activities can be altered to increase ecosystem resilience to climate change. Development patterns affect vulnerability to climate change impacts. In the four studies presented here, development and associated planning decisions and management practices exacerbate the impacts of essay for sat, climate change. The concentration of ancient statement, infrastructure and paper, housing along with dense populations of the poor and thesis, elderly make inner cities more vulnerable to heatwaves than less developed areas. Increased population, building of impervious surfaces, and agriculture in the Chesapeake Bay watershed increase runoff of nutrients and risk of hypoxia. Development in low-lying coastal areas of the Gulf and Atlantic coasts places more people and property along the coastline and degrades buffering wetlands, putting people at greater risk from for sat faster sea-level rise and more intense coastal storms. More development in wilderness areas in the West also increases the number of people and amount of property facing wildfire risk, as climate change increases the frequency and intensity of large fires. Adaptation to climate change will require closer attention to the implications of development patterns and land use decisions for climate change impacts. There are likely to be increasing risks and costs from future climate change. The impacts of future climate change are likely to become greater as climate continues to history, change. Essay? There will likely be more loss of wetlands, higher risk to human life and property from stronger storms and ancient thesis, hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic, more potential for hypoxia in essay purges, the Chesapeake Bay and other coastal waters, more frequent and more intense heatwaves with greater risks to human health, and ancient thesis, more frequent and intense wildfires. Cancer Paper Outline? Many impacts not examined here would likely follow similar trends. Droughts and flash floods, for example, will likely increase in the future, presenting greater risks in areas that are already prone to such events (IPCC, 2007). Climate change could have important consequences for the private insurance industry and for public disaster management and response. Many of the impacts discussed in ancient thesis statement, these studies could affect lives and property, and therefore, are likely to affect insurance claims as well as government response to outline, (and perhaps preparation for) disasters. For example, greater loss of life from more intense heatwaves and property damage from hurricanes and fires could well result in higher insurance payouts and history statement, insurance companies refusing coverage to more individuals and businesses. This effect would likely have further consequences for insurance rates, deductibles, and profits, which could affect other parts of the economy. Paper Outline? Public disaster management and response will require increased resources and more funding in a future with more frequent and bigger fires, floods, and heatwaves. Adaptation will be important in ancient history, determining future vulnerability. The climate is essay on the purges, already changing and affecting society and nature. Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions leading to lower atmospheric concentrations would reduce the magnitude of climate change and its impacts. Ancient Thesis Statement? Nonetheless, even with the most optimistic emissions reductions, there will still be substantial additional climate change. Thus, adaptation is an important component of a response to climate change. Reducing the level of pollution in the Chesapeake Bay will most likely reduce the risks of essays on clique, hypoxia. Adoption of heatwave early warning systems and other measures such as improving access to air conditioning have been shown to reduce risks from extreme heat events (Ebi et al., 2004). Wisely managing development patterns and vegetation can reduce the risks of fire (Platt et al., 2006). Ancient? Evacuation planning, adoption of essay for sat, certain building designs, and limiting development in coastal areas can reduce risks from hurricanes. Furthermore, limits on certain types of development can also reduce destruction of statement, wetlands, which are important for their ecosystem services. C. Final Thoughts. Although climate change is a global problem, its impacts vary widely and are felt locally. With this report, the Pew Center on Global Climate Change endeavors to research paper, provide not just useful information about ancient history thesis, particular impacts in particular regions, but also a more general perspective on the types of challenges decision-makers everywhere will face in developing sustainable responses to varied climate impacts. Historically, risk management strategies have relied on the past as a guide to the future. Lung Cancer Paper Outline? But with global climate change, the future will no longer resemble the past. As illustrated by the four regional studies that follow, new strategies for developing resilience to climate variability and extreme weather events will be needed. Well-considered assumptions about regional climate change should be incorporated into development and management plans. Studying regions with different vulnerabilities will provide insights and methods for conducting assessments in other regions and sectors. PEW CENTER ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE. Berg, E.E., J.D. Henry, C.L. Fastie, A.D. De Volderd, and S.M. Matsuoka. 2006. Spruce beetle outbreaks on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, and Kluane National Park and Reserve, Yukon Territory: Relationship to ancient history thesis statement, summer temperatures and college, regional differences in disturbance regimes. Forest Ecology and Management 227:219-232. DeGaetano, A.T. and R.J. Allen. 2002. Trends in twentieth-century temperature extremes across the United States. Journal of Climate 15:3188-3205. Ebi, K.L., T.J. Teisberg, L.S. Kalkstein, L. Robinson, and R.F. History Thesis Statement? Weiher. 2004. Heat watch/warning systems save lives: estimated costs and benefits for basic outline, Philadelphis 1995-1998. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 85:1067-1073. Emanuel, K. 2005. History Thesis? Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over basic research paper outline the past 30 years. Nature 436:686-688. Hoyos, C.D., P.A. Aguidelo, P.J. Webster, and J.A. Curry. 2006. Deconvolution of the factors contributing to the increase in global hurricane intensity. Science 312:94-97. IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Statement? Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor, and H.L. Miller (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. McKinley, J. and K. Johnson. 2007. Lung Cancer Paper? On fringe of forests, homes and wildfires meet. New York Times, June 26. Platt, R.V., T.T. Thesis Statement? Veblen, and R.L. For Sat? Sherriff. 2006. Ancient Thesis Statement? Are wildfire mitigation and restoration of historic forest structure compatible? A spatial modeling assessment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96:455-470. Smith, J.B. College? 2004. A Synthesis of the Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the United States. Pew Center on Global Climate Change, Arlington, VA. Volney, W.J.A. and R.A. Fleming. Statement? 2000. Climate change and impacts of boreal forest insects. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 82:283-294. Westerling, A.L., H.G. Hidalgo, D.R. Cayan, and T.W. Swetnam. 2006. Warming and earlier spring increases western U.S. forest wildfire activity. Science 313:940-943. Heatwaves in the Midwest. Dr. Kristie L. Ebi is an independent consultant (ESS, LLC) and has studied connections between climate change and human health for more than ten years. She is working with the World Health Organization, UN Development Program, and USAID on adaptation measures for developing countries, and with the Center for Climate Strategies on adaptation options for U.S. Dissertation? states. Ancient Thesis? She is a Lead Author for the Human Health chapter of the Fourth Assessment Report of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning IPCC, and Lead Author for Human Health for the U.S. Climate Change Science Program’s assessment of global change effects on human health and welfare. She has edited three books on climate change and health, and has more than 75 publications. Dr. Ebi earned the M.S. degree in toxicology from MIT, and the Ph.D. and MPH degrees in epidemiology from the definition University of Michigan. Dr. Gerald A. Meehl is a Senior Scientist in the Climate and history, Global Dynamics Division at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, where he has worked in various capacities since 1973, including his involvement in mother definition essay, several large international climate experiments. He specializes in modeling climate dynamics, including the possible effects of increased carbon dioxide, sulfate aerosols, and other natural and ancient history thesis statement, manmade drivers of global climate. He was a Coordinating Lead Author for essay, the Global Climate Projections chapter in the Fourth Assessment Report of the Nobel Peace Prize-winning IPCC. He also contributed to ancient, all of the previous IPCC assessment reports. Among other committee appointments, he is a member of National Research Council’s Climate Research Committee. He has published more than 150 peer-reviewed articles and contributed to several textbooks. Dr. Meehl earned the Ph.D. in climate dynamics from the University of Colorado in Boulder. Fire in the West. Dr. Dominique Bachelet is an associate professor in the Department of Biological and Ecological Engineering at Oregon State University and Director of Climate Change Science at The Nature Conservancy. She uses models to study complex ecological systems and how they respond to climate variability and change. Over the past decade, she has worked with colleagues at on clique, Oregon State University, Colorado State University, and the U.S. Forest Service to develop the history thesis statement MC1 dynamic vegetation model which uses global climate model scenarios to project, among other things, future wildfire characteristics resulting from climate change. She has published more than 20 peer-reviewed scientific articles. Essay For Sat? Dr. Bachelet earned the Ph.D. from Colorado State University in 1983 and subsequently worked at the University of California Riverside, New Mexico State University, and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Gulf Coast wetland sustainability. Dr. Robert R. Ancient History Thesis? Twilley is Distinguished Professor in definition, Louisiana Environmental Studies and Associate Vice Chancellor of Research and Economic Development at Louisiana State University. Thesis Statement? He directs the Shell Coastal Environmental Modeling Laboratory and heads the Coastal Louisiana Ecosystem Assessment and Restoration program, which develops ecosystem models coupled with engineering designs to forecast the rehabilitation of coastal and wetland ecosystems. He edited a 64-author, two-volume report that is Louisiana’s official coastal restoration plan. Before moving to LSU, Dr. Twilley founded the Center for Ecology and Environmental Technology at University of Louisiana at Lafayette. He has published more than 80 peer-reviewed articles and co-edited the 1999 book, The Biogeochemistry of college, Gulf of Mexico Estuaries. Ancient History Statement? Dr. On Clique? Twilley received his PhD in plant and systems ecology from the University of Florida in 1982 and conducted postdoctoral research at University of Maryland on the Chesapeake Bay.

Society for the History of Discoveries (SHD) , founded in ancient history thesis statement 1960, is an international, United States-based, organization formed to stimulate interest in teaching, research, and publishing the history of for sat, geographical exploration. Its members include those from several academic disciplines as well as archivists, non-affiliated scholars, and laypersons with an interest in history. Ancient? SHD advances its goals by organizing annual meetings at which pertinent scholarly research papers are presented, by publishing a scholarly journal with articles on geographic exploration and by annually offering a cash award to the student who submits a quality research paper in the field. The Society is a US non-profit 501(c)(3) organization administered by a voluntary and unpaid team of council members and officers. Membership is open to all who have an interest in the history of geographical exploration. The origin of the Society for the History of Discoveries (SHD) can be traced back to the Summer of basic research, 1960 at an academic conference in Lisbon, Portugal that commemorated the quincentenery of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator. American scholars John (Jack) Parker, Thomas (Thom) Goldstein, and Vsevolod (Steve) Slesarev, while sharing a bottle of wine, determined that there should be an organization in ancient history statement the United States that would encourage research into the history of exploration and discovery. Later, in December 1960, Goldstein posted a notice at essay purges, the New York meeting of the American Historical Association inviting interested parties to meet at a nearby restaurant. The men who attended that December 1960 luncheon constituted themselves as an executive board for a period of one year, and proceeded to history, organize the SHD as we know it today. The founding members were Oswald Backus (University of Kansas), Bailey Diffie (City College of New York), Thomas Goldstein (City College of New York), Charles Nowell (University of Illinois), John Parker (University of Minnesota), James Reilly (Providence, Rhode Island), Wolf Schmokel (New Haven, Connecticut), Vsevolod Slessarev (University of Minnesota), and Wilcomb Washburn (Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.). Definition? At the beginning of 1961, there were a total of twenty-one members in the Society (fluctuating in numbers over the years, and by 2010, the organization’s membership counted over 300 people; in addition numerous institutions subscribed to the Society’s journal). The appeal of this newly-created learned Society was wide. Because there were no barriers to qualify for membership, within a short time historians, geographers, librarians, museum curators, archivists, philosophers, mathematicians, linguists, cartographers, navigators, medical doctors, editors, book sellers, book and map collectors, and independent scholars comprised the membership. Also, because there were no gender barriers, women scholars readily found a friendly intellectual home, and history statement not only were they among the earliest members attracted to the new Society, they quickly assumed leadership positions. Scholars Ursula Lamb, Hildegard Binder Johnson, Mary Emily Miller, and essay Barbara Backus McCorkle added luster to the early Society’s membership roster. The founding members established the major goals to stimulate interest in teaching, research, and publishing the history of geographical exploration. Since its inception, the scope of the ancient statement Society's activities encompasses the discovery, exploration, and mapping of the earth's land and sea surface from earliest times to the present - the explorers and mother the explored. Fields of specialization thus include the history of European expansion, the history of cartography, navigation, colonial settlement, biography, and bibliography. To further its mission, the Society since 1969 has published annually a journal, Terrae Incognitae , and a newsletter, which since 2000 is titled Terra Cognita . Records of the ancient Society are archived in Special Collections at The University of Texas at Arlington Library, 702 Planetarium Place, Arlington, Texas 76019-0497. During most of its history, the Society was governed by three elected officers and six members of Council. The officers were President, Vice President, and Secretary-Treasurer. In 2006, the paper by-laws were changed to ancient statement, add another officer. Basic Research Outline? Because the demands on the Secretary-Treasurer had grown, the office of Secretary-Treasurer was divided into two positions, Executive Secretary and ancient history thesis Treasurer. Duties are found at on the, the Society’s Articles of Association, available via the Society website. Council meets formally at the annual meeting, and ancient history thesis during the year via email and other technologies. Terrae Incognitae and other Publications. The Society for the History of Discoveries determined at its 1966 annual meeting at West Point, New York to publish an annual journal. Paper Outline? It has become a major part of the thesis Society’s identity, and all agree that the unpaid editor performs the Society’s most difficult and important task. Bruce Solnick was appointed Executive Editor, and first published by Nico Israel in Amsterdam, Volume I of Terrae Incognitae appeared in 1969. College Archives? The peer-reviewed journal has been published annually since. Past and current editors are listed at the Society website. In addition to thesis, scholarly articles, each issue of Terrae Incognitae includes reviews of recent literature, and subjects for sat since 1979, an extensive bibliography of recent publications related to exploration and discovery. Beginning in 2008 the ancient editorial board of Terrae Incognitae extended the number of book reviews to mother, be published in each issue. A paper by Commodore Pieter Verhoog was read by John Parker at the Columbus, Ohio annual meeting in 1980 which interested those in attendance so much that a special session on ancient history statement the Columbus 1492 landfall was scheduled at the next annual meeting in Athens, Georgia. In addition to focusing on the Columbus landfall at the meeting, John Parker and essays on clique Louis De Vorsey were charged with producing a special issue dedicated to the first landfall, and it was published in 1983 as Volume 15. It was re-published in 1985 by Wayne State University Press as a book titled In the Wake of Columbus: Islands and Controversy (231 pages). One important and enduring result of the scholarship represented in ancient Volume 15 was a highly received new translation of Columbus’ Diario by two Society members, Oliver Dunn and James Kelley, which was published to acclaim by the University of Oklahoma Press in 1991. Beginning in 2010, Terrae Incognitae is published by Maney Publishing, an independent publisher operating internationally. Maney produces the journal, both printed hard copies and also, in the future, an online version. Maney will provide a full back issue archive online for institutional subscribers, and freely searchable electronic abstracts. When Maney began publication of the journal in 2010, it announced that it would scan and make available in electronic form the back issues to the membership. Studies in the History of Discoveries, (Published by the University of Chicago Press) W.E. Washburn, ed. Proceedings of the Vinland Map Conference . (1971) U. Lamb, ed. A Navigator's Universe: The Libro de Cosmographia of 1538 by Pedro Medina . (1972) T.B. Basic Paper Outline? Duncan. Atlantic Islands: Madeira, the Azores, and the Cape Verdes in Seventeenth-Century Commerce and Navigation . (1972) D.B. Quinn. The Last Voyage of ancient history thesis, Thomas Cavendish . (1976) L.-A. Vigneras. The Discovery of South America and the Andalusian Voyages . (1976) Along with Terrae Incognitae , the Society for essay on the the History of Discoveries also publishes an annual report each Fall, and a newsletter in the Spring. These documents, prepared by the Executive Secretary, include Council and ancient history statement business meeting minutes, election results, membership (including a directory) information, reports from committees, abstracts of papers read at mother definition essay, the annual meeting, information on upcoming meeting sites, obituaries, various announcements of interest to members, a financial report, and one of the most popular functions, news of members. Periodically, the ancient history thesis statement Society’s Articles of Association are reprinted. Until 1998, when www.sochistdisc.org was launched, the annual report and the newsletter were the only sources of information for members. In 2001, Secretary Sanford Bederman changed the name of the newsletter to Terra Cognita: Newsletter of the Society for the History of essays, Discoveries . With technological advancements in computers, desktop printing allowed for attractive type fonts, and for the addition of ancient, illustrations. Executive Secretary Kit Goodwin expanded the purpose of the publication, and now special articles are commissioned for basic research paper outline inclusion. One significant addition, compiled by ancient history thesis John Docktor, is an extensive list of upcoming conferences and exhibitions that are of interest of members. Society Website - www.sochistdisc.org - In 1998, when Francis Herbert was president of the SHD, he also served on the Council of the Hakluyt Society. The Hakluyt Society had recently commissioned the dissertation archives design and history thesis statement launch of a website, so Herbert gained approval to also create a website for essay the Society for the History of Discoveries. This resulted in http://www.sochistdisc.org/. Ancient Thesis Statement? At the Washington, DC annual meeting in on clique 2000, the history position of Website Content Manager was established. Since its creation, the cancer site has seen many enhancements. The site began as a place where viewers could learn a bit more about the Society. It has now grown to history thesis, include nearly every important activity of the Society. Annual meetings, rather than being merely listed by date and place, started in 2000 to be linked at the website with the inclusion of the meeting program, abstracts of presentations and photographs of activities. This has resulted in an on-line history of the meetings since 2000, and essays on clique as information is received about prior meetings, the meetings pages are enhanced with those details. Ancient History Statement? SHD’s history and growth are included in five essays by members at the SHD History page of the website. The Society’s governing document has been placed on the site, as well as a full listing of its past leadership. Terrae Incognitae , the Society’s journal, has its own dedicated pages, at which recent issues can be searched for content, and which gives full details to prospective contributors. Beginning in 2001, the Society instituted the honor of SHD Fellow, and the awardees are included at the website with the award citations; this addition allows site visitors to read of the rich contributions of our membership to the field of the history of essay on the, discoveries. The June 2001 rejuvenation of the Society’s Newsletter Terra Cognita , and history statement its subsequent annual enhancement has also been captured to the SHD website; all issues since 2001 are at lung research, the SHD website. The venues of annual meeting are contingent upon invitations from universities, libraries, maritime museums, map societies, and from organizations familiar with the purpose of the Society. Since 1960, annual meetings usually are held in the Fall, but the ancient thesis 1989 and 1997 meetings were held in the Summer. On several occasions, the Society met jointly with the essay subjects Hakluyt Society, the North American Society for Oceanic History, and others. Thesis? A list of past and future meeting locations, with links to programs held, is at http://www.sochistdisc.org/annual-meeting-previous.htm. Conduct of the meeting is the responsibility of the Vice President. Along with the publication of on the purges, Terrae Incognitae , the annual meeting performs the other major function of the history Society for the History of Discoveries. In organized paper sessions, members not only report on the research they have conducted, but they have an opportunity to receive feedback from colleagues, they meet with officers and the editor of Terrae Incognitae , they visit places of interest, and participate in exciting, memorable field trips. It is at these conferences, that Council holds it annual meeting, and where the Society as a whole conducts it formal business. In Chicago in 2007, almost half of the essay on the purges membership attended the annual meeting. Fellows of the thesis Society will have distinguished themselves by scholarship or service. Individual citations for archives these honorees are featured on the website, http://www.sochistdisc.org/. The prize has been offered annually since 1988. The purpose of the Society is to stimulate teaching, research and publishing in the history of geographical exploration. Ancient History Thesis? Essays are solicited on the topics embraced by the Society's name: the history of discoveries. Essays may deal with voyages, travels, biography, history, cartography, techniques and technology, or other aspects of discovery. Lung Cancer Research Paper Outline? Eligible to enter the contest for the prize are post-secondary (college or university) students from any part of the world who will not have received a doctoral degree before the closing date of the prize. Details are at the Society website.